Lymphatic System

Front 1

What is the lymphatic system?

Back 1

The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and disease. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.

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What are the major glands of the lymphatic system?

Back 2

Partoid, sublingual, mandibular, and zygomatic

Front 3

What are the major lymph nodes of the dog?

Back 3

Parotid, submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal, popliteal

Front 4

What do lymphatic vessels do?

Back 4

Connect various parts of the body and carry lymph fluid THRU passive movement

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What is lymph?

Back 5

The fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the initial lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system.

Front 6

The tonsils are a part of the lymphatic system, but are they connected?

Back 6

No

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Lymph fluid

Back 7

Formed interstitially and from excess fluid from the blood vessels
Vessels terminate in the thoracic cavity in large thoracic ducts and return back to the bloodstream
Fluid is transparent- looks like skim milk
Carries various cells- lymphocytes and monocytes-- lymphocytes in bone marrow, lymphnode, and spleen

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What is lymphoma?

Back 8

lymphatic disease (cancer) that gets circulated in ducts

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What is a Chylothorax?

Back 9

Refers to the presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space secondary to leakage from the thoracic duct or one of its main tributaries. No reason, idiopathic- reabsorbs and circulates again--- feed heavy cream, it makes fluid bright white

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Movement of lymph

Back 10

System of one way valves
In the circulatory system, blood flows from the heart to arteries to capillaries that surround all cells. At the capillaries, a portion of blood plasma seeps out of the capillaries and into the space surrounding cells. That plasma is then known as tissue fluid. Some tissue fluid returns to blood capillaries by osmosis. But some tissue fluid is also diverted into a second network of tubes: the lymphatic vessels. Tissue fluid that enters this network is known as lymph. Lymph is a clear, colorless, somewhat sticky liquid. The liquid formed in a blister is lymph.

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Which carries more protein:
Lymph or plasma?

Back 11

Plasma

Front 12

Functions of lymph fluid?

Back 12

Removal of excess tissue fluid (obese- too much pressure on vessels, can’t remove fluid = pitted edema)
Waste material transport for elimination
Filtration of lymph fluid
Protein transport for larger molecules too large for capillaries

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Lymph nodes - cranial to caudal

Back 13

Submandibular
Prescapular
Axillary
Popliteal
Inguinal

Front 14

Movement of lymph one more time - where does it end up?

Back 14

Tissue fluid passes out of the space between cells and through the walls of lymph capillaries. Now called lymph, it follows a pathway back to the heart that is somewhat similar to the venous system for blood. It passes from lymph capillaries into larger tubes, the lymph vessels. Like veins in the blood circulatory system, lymph vessels have valves that help push lymph slowly back towards the heart. Eventually the lymph enters a large collecting tube, the thoracic duct, located near the heart. From the thoracic duct the lymph empties into the blood circulatory system itself at the left subclavian vein.

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What does TCC stand for?

Back 15

Transitional cell carcinoma

Front 16

Which carries more protein:
Lymph or plasma?

Back 16

Plasma

Front 17

Functions of lymph fluid?

Back 17

Removal of excess tissue fluid (obese- too much pressure on vessels, can’t remove fluid = pitted edema)
Waste material transport for elimination
Filtration of lymph fluid
Protein transport for larger molecules too large for capillaries

Front 18

Lymph nodes - cranial to caudal

Back 18

Submandibular
Prescapular
Axillary
Popliteal
Inguinal

Front 19

Movement of lymph one more time - where does it end up?

Back 19

Tissue fluid passes out of the space between cells and through the walls of lymph capillaries. Now called lymph, it follows a pathway back to the heart that is somewhat similar to the venous system for blood. It passes from lymph capillaries into larger tubes, the lymph vessels. Like veins in the blood circulatory system, lymph vessels have valves that help push lymph slowly back towards the heart. Eventually the lymph enters a large collecting tube, the thoracic duct, located near the heart. From the thoracic duct the lymph empties into the blood circulatory system itself at the left subclavian vein.

Front 20

What does TCC stand for?

Back 20

Transitional cell carcinoma

Front 21

Which carries more protein:
Lymph or plasma?

Back 21

Plasma

Front 22

Functions of lymph fluid?

Back 22

Removal of excess tissue fluid (obese- too much pressure on vessels, can’t remove fluid = pitted edema)
Waste material transport for elimination
Filtration of lymph fluid
Protein transport for larger molecules too large for capillaries

Front 23

Lymph nodes - cranial to caudal

Back 23

Submandibular
Prescapular
Axillary
Popliteal
Inguinal

Front 24

Movement of lymph one more time - where does it end up?

Back 24

Tissue fluid passes out of the space between cells and through the walls of lymph capillaries. Now called lymph, it follows a pathway back to the heart that is somewhat similar to the venous system for blood. It passes from lymph capillaries into larger tubes, the lymph vessels. Like veins in the blood circulatory system, lymph vessels have valves that help push lymph slowly back towards the heart. Eventually the lymph enters a large collecting tube, the thoracic duct, located near the heart. From the thoracic duct the lymph empties into the blood circulatory system itself at the left subclavian vein.

Front 25

What does TCC stand for?

Back 25

Transitional cell carcinoma

Front 26

Name the parts of the lymph node

Back 26

-cortex is tissue center
-medulla is mainly made of macrophages
-nodules located in intestinal tract within the omentum

Front 27

Know the locations of lymph nodes from cranial to caudal

Back 27

Submandibular
Prescapular
Axillary
Popliteal
Inguinal

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Organs of the lymphatic system

Back 28

Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus

Front 29

Tonsils

Back 29

Nodules of lymphoid tissue
Not considered a lymph node because it HAS NO DUCTS
In folds (called crypts) - if swollen they get pushed out

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Spleen

Back 30

Large, tongue shaped organ in abdomen
Made up of reticular fibers
Associated with monocyte production
Can be removed by splenectomy and supplemented by drugs (not often)
Cats rarely have spleen issues
German shepherds have big spleens

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Spleen: Red pulp vs White pulp

Back 31

White pulp contains lymphocyted
Red pulp is for RBC (etc) storage

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Monocytes in the lymphatic system

Back 32

Removes damaged RBC's by phagocytosis
Normally stationary

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Thymus

Back 33

Glandular organ located in the thoracic cavity
Important for maturation of specialized lymphocytes which may give rise to antibody production (T and B cells)
Bigger in young animals - shrinks with age

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Different forms of immunity

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Physical barriers- i.e. skin in Moist dermatitis -- skin leaking serum (WBC's) that's why it's wet
Fever - too hot for pathogens to survive, sweat to release toxins and waste, vasodilation to increase blood flow
Pyrogen released from brain controlled by hypothalmus (Prostoglandin E2)
Interferons - slows the speed of disease (virus) increases/boosts immune system
Compliment systems - proteins that aid in destruction of target cell membranes

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Pyrogen

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A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. These can be either internal (endogenous) or external (exogenous) to the body.

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Physical Barriers to immunity

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Epithelial covering
Secretions to flush surface
Digestive acids and other secretions

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Phagocytes aid in immunity

Back 37

Operate by breaking down and ingesting invaders
Janatorial and police servicing in peripheral tissues
Removes cellular debris
Responds to invasion by foreign compounds

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Types of phagocytes

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Microphages - Neutrophils (abundant & quick, can cross vessel walls) and eosinophils (slower, fewer & target parasitic pathogens)
Macrophages - Monocytes (large, still able to cross vessel walls, chemotaxis aids in attraction to foreign bodies)

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Chemotaxis

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The characteristic movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus.

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Immunological Surveillance

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Natural Killer Cells (NK) will attack everything-including it's own cells (This disorder is called IMHA)
Golgi body in NK cells secrete perforins

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Perforins

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Toxins that break down cell walls
Also have some limited effect against viruses

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Interferons

Back 42

Small antiviral proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, interferes with viral replication

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Types of interferons

Back 43

Alpha interferons: attract and stimulate NKs
Beta interferons: work to slow inflammatory response caused by viral presence
Gamma interferons: stimulate macrophage activity

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Types of interferons

Back 44

Alpha interferons: attract and stimulate NKs
Beta interferons: work to slow inflammatory response caused by viral presence
Gamma interferons: stimulate macrophage activity

Front 45

Compliment systems

Back 45

Proteins that aid in destruction of target cell membranes by making pores for penetration
Stimulate inflammatory response by accelerating circulation to the region
Perform temporary repair and prevent entry and spread of additiobal pathogens

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Proteins of the compliment systems aid in

Back 46

Attracting phagocytes of all shapes and sizes
Enhancement and attraction of opsonin for ID
Classic pathway is where complement proteins act as reaction enzyme
EX Fever - raising of body temp in an attempt to kill invaders (pyrogens can reset the thermostat at the hypothalmus)

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Forms of Immunity

Inate

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Genetically determined at birth (not a response to exposure)

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Forms of Immunity

Acquired

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Not present at birth

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Forms of Immunity

Active

Back 49

Appears after exposure to antigens - immune system builds up (Colds) Not from vaccines

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Forms of Immunity

Naturally Active

Back 50

Builds up as one is exposed to new antigens through life (gettin outside :)

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Forms of Immunity

Artificially Active

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Induces stimulation via innoculation

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Forms of Immunity

Passive

Back 52

Produced by transfer of antibodies from one individual to another (colostrum)

Front 53

Forms of Immunity

Naturally Passive

Back 53

Via mother's blood across placenta or via colostrum

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Forms of Immunity

Artificially Passive

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Antibodies administered to fight disease. (Vax passed inutero to baby, tetanus in horses, IgG given for immune disease)

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Properties of Immunity

Specificity

Back 55

Against one antigen and others, builds up from exposure, Builds up B cells as exposure builds

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Properties of Immunity

Versitility

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Ability to resist many antigens via lymphocytes - each can resist more than one type

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Properties of Immunity

Memory

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Ability of cells to remember antigens and respond greater a second time

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Properties of Immunity

Tolerance

Back 58

When the immune system does not respond to a specific antigen

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T cells & Cell mediated immunity

General T Cell
Inactive T Cells

Back 59

Thymus derived and static number at birth. (Only time in development is inutero)

General T Cells: activation can only recognize antigens bound with glycoprotein molecule called MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)

Inactive T Cells: recognize antigens and bind to antiben site at protection site (bully blob)

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T cells & Cell mediated immunity

Cytotoxic T Cells

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DIRECTLY ATTACK

Enter peripheral tissues and subject antigens to a direct attack

When CTcells encounter target antigen bound to certain proteins -> immediately destroys that cell by rupture -> secretion of lymphotoxin or by activating genes witin abnormal cell that tells it to self destruct

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T cells & Cell mediated immunity

Helper T Cells

Back 61

Stimulate both T and B responses
Work via type of Cytokine messenger called Interleukin that helps with memorization and cell division (but have no desctructive capability on their own)

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T cells & Cell mediated immunity

Supressor T Cells

Back 62

MODERATES RESPONSE

Moderate T and B activity and moderate response

Depresses the responses of other T and B cells via supression factors

Supressor cells react after the initial immune response

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B Cells

Back 63

Circulate in the lymphatic system and will launch a chemical attack via production of antibodies if stimulated by infection/injury near a lymph node with clear lymph vessel

Activation occurs when helper T cells bind to MHC complex and secrete their cytokine protein that promotes B cell activation and eventual cloning

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Primary Response

Back 64

Antigen activates T and B cells
They move into plasma and begin circulation

This initial response may not peak for 1-2 weeks

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What is lymphadenitis

Back 65

Inflammation of 1 or more lymph nodes

Caused by:
Infectious agents
Bacteria
(dental disease, submandibular, prescapular become inflamed)

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Secondary Response

Back 66

Exposed a 2nd Time

The response of cloned B cells which will not move into the region unless exposed a second time

Massive response with much higher antibody titers

Titer is the actual number of Memory B cells after cloning

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IgM

Back 67

Immunoglobulin M

Most common

Largest in size
First to arrive in primary response
No memory capability
Numbers will decline when IgG
antibodies arrive
Function: bacterial toxin neutralization, activation of Complement and enhancement of phagocytic abilities

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IgG

Back 68

Immunoglobulin G

2nd most common

Can cross placental barrier or be present in colostrums

Function: High activation of memory cells

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IgA

Back 69

Prevents Infection from spreading

Binds to antigen to make it too large for crossing into other parts of the body
This allows NK and Cytotoxic cells to attack

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Agglutination

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Antibodies bind o toxins and then bond to each other basically surrounding the toxin

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Opsonization

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Coating of antibody-antigen complement to increase effectiveness of phagocytosis (softening up the outer layer)

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Lymphosarcoma

Back 72

Harder to deal with in cats than dogs

Malignant transformation of lymphocytes that reside in lymph tissue

Cause - FeLv

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FIV

Back 73

Similar to human AIDS

Retrovirus
Immunological disease
Loss of Helper T Cells
Contracted by Bite!

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Vaccines vs antibody titers?

Back 74

Titers test for levels of antibodies present

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Types of humoral or serological tests

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ELISA tests: Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay (uses monoclonal antibodies)

CELISA tests: Competitive to elisa
These can test how progressive the infection is by color intensity
ex: FIP, Distemper, Parvo

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Latex agglutination tests

Back 76

Uses small latex particles coated with antibody or antigen
Agglutination results in a positive test
Ex: Coomb's & Burcellosis

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Immunodiffusion

Back 77

Patient serum samples and and antigen to the antibody combined on an gel agar plate

If positive, a chemical reaction will create a color change