Lymphatic And Circulatory System

Front 1

responsible for transporting throughout the body oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs via the arteries

Back 1

circulatory system

Front 2

thin, fluid-filled sac that surround the heart

Back 2

pericardium

Front 3

thin, watery membrane on the outer layer of the heart

Back 3

epicardium

Front 4

covers the heart and is attached to the pericardium

Back 4

epicardium

Front 5

thick layer of cardiac muscles in the middle layer of the heart

Back 5

myocardium

Front 6

pumps blood into the arteries by contracting

Back 6

myocardium

Front 7

thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart

Back 7

endocardium

Front 8

lines the valves and the interior chambers

Back 8

endocardium

Front 9

located at the upper right chamber

Back 9

right atrium

Front 10

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Back 10

right atrium

Front 11

located at the lower right chamber

Back 11

right ventricle

Front 12

receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery

Back 12

right ventricle

Front 13

located at the left upper chamber

Back 13

left atrium

Front 14

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle

Back 14

left atrium

Front 15

located at the lower left chamber

Back 15

left ventricle

Front 16

receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta

Back 16

left ventricle

Front 17

systole (contraction) & diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds

Back 17

cardiac cycle

Front 18

sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the SinoAtrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

Back 18

electric conduction system

Front 19

provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle's activity

Back 19

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 20

"lubb" which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close and "dupp" or the second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax

Back 20

origin of heart sounds

Front 21

the average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm) and the cardia output refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute

Back 21

heart rate and cardiac output

Front 22

rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery

Back 22

pulse

Front 23

the force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel which is measured by the sphygmomanometer. the bp is the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and diastolic (pressure during relaxation)

Back 23

blood pressure

Front 24

two superior atria

Back 24

receiving chambers

Front 25

two inferior, thick-walled ventricles, or actual pumps of the heart wherein when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation

Back 25

discharging chambers

Front 26

divides the heart longitudinally

Back 26

septum

Front 27

tricuspid valve which is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Back 27

right AV valve

Front 28

closes as the right ventricles contracts preventing the blood from flowing back to the right atrium

Back 28

right AV valve

Front 29

bicuspid or mitral valve which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle

Back 29

left AV valve

Front 30

closes as the left ventricles contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium

Back 30

left AV valve

Front 31

pulmonary or pulmonic valve located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery

Back 31

right semilunar valve

Front 32

closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right ventricle

Back 32

right semilunar valve

Front 33

aortic valve located at the entrance of the aorta

Back 33

left semilunar valve

Front 34

closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle

Back 34

left semilunar valve

Front 35

partition that separates the right from the left atria

Back 35

interatrial septum

Front 36

separates the right and the left ventricles

Back 36

interventricular septum

Front 37

receives blood supply thru the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart

Back 37

coronary circulation

Front 38

supplies the blood and also provides drainage from the tissues

Back 38

coronary circulation

Front 39

composed of the left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins

Back 39

coronary circulation

Front 40

circulatory system disorders

Back 40

angina pectoris (troponin t), aortic stenosis, bacterial endocarditis, congestive heart failure (bnp test), myocardial infarction (troponin i), pericarditis

Front 41

diagnostic tests of the circulatory system

Back 41

arterial blood gases (abg), aspartate aminotransferase (ast)/ serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (sgot), cholesterol, creatine kinase (ck), creatine kinase (ck)-mb, digoxin, electrocardiogram (ecg /ekg), lactate dehydrogenase (ld) isoenzymes, microbial cultures, myoglobin, potassium (k), triglycerides, troponin t (TnT)

Front 42

the loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which the blood is circulated to the rest of the body

Back 42

vascular system

Front 43

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Back 43

artery

Front 44

very small branches of arteries

Back 44

arterioles

Front 45

collect the blood from the various organs and parts return the blood to the heart

Back 45

veins

Front 46

very small branches of veins

Back 46

venules

Front 47

minute thin-walled vessels that connect the arterioles and venules

Back 47

capillaries

Front 48

where nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and body tissues

Back 48

capillaries

Front 49

lines the lumen or the interior of the vessels, is a thin layer of endothelium resting on a basement membrane and decreases friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen

Back 49

tunica intima

Front 50

the bulky middle coat which mostly consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that constrict or dilate, making blood pressure increase or decrease

Back 50

tunica media

Front 51

outermost tunic composed largely of fibrous connective tissue, and its function is basically to support and protect the vessels

Back 51

tunica externa/tunica adventitia

Front 52

enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall

Back 52

aneurysm

Front 53

hardening of the heart due to aging

Back 53

arteriosclerosis

Front 54

formation of plaques in inner walls

Back 54

atherosclerosis

Front 55

clot or bubble which cause obstruction of an artery

Back 55

embolism

Front 56

obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel

Back 56

embolus

Front 57

swollen veins in the area of the anus

Back 57

hemorrhoids

Front 58

inflammation of the veins particularly the wall

Back 58

phlebitis

Front 59

swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy

Back 59

thrombophlebitis

Front 60

blood clot that impedes blood flow

Back 60

thrombus

Front 61

usually found in the legs, these are veins that have been twisted and have enlarged

Back 61

varicose veins

Front 62

diagnostic tests of the vascular system

Back 62

d-dimer, fibrin degradation products (FDP), lipoproteins, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (APTT/PTT), triglycerides

Front 63

red fluid transported throughout the body through the circulatory system

Back 63

blood

Front 64

liquid matrix of the blood

Back 64

plasma

Front 65

total blood volume of an average female adult

Back 65

4-5 liters

Front 66

total blood volume of an average male adult

Back 66

5-6 liters

Front 67

transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

Back 67

transfusion

Front 68

introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood

Back 68

infusion

Front 69

molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells

Back 69

antigens

Front 70

proteins found in plasma

Back 70

antibodies

Front 71

main difference of antibodies and antigens

Back 71

antibodies = very specific

antigen = can only bind to a certain antigen

Front 72

the clumping of the cells

Back 72

agglutination

Front 73

rupture of the red blood cells

Back 73

hemolysis

Front 74

used to categorize human blood

Back 74

ABO blood group system

Front 75

two types of antigen that may appear

Back 75

type A antigen and type B antigen

Front 76

named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey

Back 76

Rh blood group

Front 77

necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient's blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen

Back 77

compatibility testing and cross-matching

Front 78

caused by not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin

Back 78

anemia

Front 79

cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone marrow or the lymphatic system

Back 79

leukemia

Front 80

high number could indicate urinary tract infection (UTI)

Back 80

leukocytes

Front 81

increase of the number of white blood cells in the blood due to illness or infection

Back 81

leukocytosis

Front 82

reduced number of white blood cells in the blood

Back 82

leukopenia

Front 83

the marrow produces too many red blood cells resulting to blood thickening

Back 83

polycythemia

Front 84

when the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) which affects the blood clotting

Back 84

thrombocytosis

Front 85

characterized by low platelet count

Back 85

thrombocytopenia

Front 86

diagnostic tests for blood disorders

Back 86

ABO & RH type, bone marrow examination, complete blood count (CBC), crossmatch, differential (diff), eosinophil (Eos) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (hb/Hgb), hemogram, indices, (MCH, MCV, MCHC), iron (Fe), reticulocyte (retic) count, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)

Front 87

network of tissues and organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body

Back 87

lymphatic system

Front 88

main function is to transport the WBC to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body

Back 88

lymphatic system

Front 89

composed of fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of 95% water

Back 89

lymphatic system

Front 90

transported throughout the system thru the lymphatic vessels, ducts and masses of lymph tissues

Back 90

lymph

Front 91

masses of lymph tissues

Back 91

lymphnodes

Front 92

diagnostic tests for the lymphatic system disorders

Back 92

bone marrow biopsy, complete blood count, culture & sensitivity, lymph node biopsy, mononucleosis test

Front 93

the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury whether it be normal vasoconstriction where the vessel walls close temporarily, abnormal obstruction like plaque or by coagulation such as litigation

Back 93

hemostasis

Front 94

inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel

Back 94

lymphangitis

Front 95

refers to the inflammation of the lymph nodes

Back 95

lymphadenitis

Front 96

also called adenopathy, wherein there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes

Back 96

lymphadenopathy

Front 97

enlargement of the spleen

Back 97

splenomegaly

Front 98

cancer that affects the immune system and is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes

Back 98

hodgkin's disease

Front 99

type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes

Back 99

lymphosarcoma

Front 100

cancer of the lymphatic system that begins in the lymphocytes

Back 100

lymphoma

Front 101

four interrelated responses of hemostasis

Back 101

vasoconstriction, formation of the primary platelet plug, progression to the stable blood clot

Front 102

vessel walls are constricted after an injury, which results in reduced flow of blood in the site of injury

Back 102

vasoconstriction

Front 103

platelets stick together on the site of the injury forming a plug

Back 103

formation of the primary platelet plug

Front 104

process where the blood changed from a liquid form into a gel that forms the blood clot

Back 104

coagulation or clotting

Front 105

three types of coagulation

Back 105

enzyme precursors, cofactors, substrates

Front 106

an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation

Back 106

thrombin

Front 107

amplifies coagulation and converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin

Back 107

thrombin

Front 108

supports the platelet plug formation by activating factor XIII to cross-link fibrin and also controls the formation & coagulation process by activating protein C

Back 108

thrombin

Front 109

the process where the fibrin is dissolved

Back 109

fibrinolysis

Front 110

two main activities of fibrinolysis

Back 110

(1) intact vessels are reopened by dissolving the clots,

(2) removing hemostatic clots from the tissue as part of the healing process

Front 111

responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K absorption

Back 111

liver

Front 112

happens when blood clots forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs

Back 112

deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

Front 113

when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels

Back 113

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Front 114

disorder involving lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins

Back 114

hemophilia

Front 115

low platelet count

Back 115

thrombocytopenia

Front 116

diagnostic tests for hemostatic disorders

Back 116

bleeding time, d-dimer, factor assays, fibrin degradation products (FDP), platelet function assay (PFA), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (APTT/PTT)

Front 117

also called the elbow pit, is a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow

Back 117

antecubital fossa

Front 118

first choice for venipuncture site because there are several major arm veins which are close to the surface which makes it easy to locate and penetrate veins

Back 118

antecubital fossa

Front 119

a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70% of the population

Back 119

h-shaped antecubital veins

Front 120

three h-shaped antecubital veins

Back 120

basilic, cephalic, median cubital vein

Front 121

intermediate antebrachial vein

Back 121

m-shaped antecubital veins

Front 122

three m-shaped antecubital veins

Back 122

median cubital, median cephalic and median basilic vein

Front 123

used only if the antecubital veins are not accessible

Back 123

other arm and hand veins

Front 124

must not be used in venipuncture with the permission of a physician due to complications such as thrombosis

Back 124

leg, ankle, and foot veins

Front 125

not used for routine blood and limited to collection of arterial blood gas. special training is needed and it is more risky for the patient.

Back 125

arteries

Front 126

chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart

Back 126

angina pectoris

Front 127

a murmuring sound produced when the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole

Back 127

aortic stenosis

Front 128

an infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel

Back 128

bacterial endocarditis

Front 129

chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of the heart muscles

Back 129

congestive heart failure

Front 130

known as heart attack, cause by a decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle

Back 130

myocardial infarction

Front 131

inflammation of the pericardial sac that may be due to viral infection

Back 131

pericarditis

Front 132

space inside the blood vessel where the blood flows

Back 132

lumen

Front 133

found in the veins, these are thin membranous leaflets that prevent backflow of blood

Back 133

valves