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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four approaches to lying and deception? |
1. Survival 2. Culture 3. Inconsistency 4. Truth bias |
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Work together/outwit competitors, but work effectively as a group |
Survival
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Viewed as a natural part of disclosure |
Culture |
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"People shouldn't lie, even though I do." |
Inconsistency |
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Reasonable for us to enter daily lives with expectations that people will tell the truth and not deceive others |
Truth bias |
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Knowingly or intentionally misleading another person ex: "just kidding" |
Deception |
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The conscious alternation of info a person believes to be true in order to change another's perception from what the deceiver thought they would be without the alteration |
Lying |
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Effective communication |
we put ourselves in the role of the audience, using all the available means of persuasion |
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Why do people lie? |
1. to save face (protecting ourselves) 2. to manage relationships 3. to exploit 4. avoid tension/conflict 5. control situations |
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What are two crucial decisions of a truth teller? |
1. What to say 2. How to say |
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Telling the truth is more about the need to express oneself than on what the recipient should wear and what effects it might have |
Radical honestly |
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What are the four approaches to "what is true?" |
1. the truth we feel 2. the truth we are told 3. we guide it out through reasoning 4. the truth we observe |
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We "know" something is true, but the specific causes of our feelings may be difficult to identify or explain |
The truth we feel |
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We rely on "the truth we feel" when: |
little information is available or making affective judgement |
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we rely on other people as our source of truth, we don't have the time to investigate the truth, thus, we take it on faith |
The truth we are told |
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What are the best ways that can decrease misidentification? |
1. Eyewitness should always be told the suspect might not be in lineup
2. confidence level should be documented 3. There should be double-blind administration |
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Why concern ourselves with ethics? |
As individuals we can believe in trust, but also lying to get ahead. Our values not only guide our behaviors, but serve as standards we use to evaluate the behavior of others |
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What are the four approaches to "is it ever right to lie?": |
1. no, never right 2. not right to lie, except as a last resort 3. its is right when it serves your purpose 4. sometimes right, sometimes isn't |
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When people conform to facts and accuracy: |
Veracity principles |
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Deception is central to four of Green's Laws: |
1. conceal intentions 2. say less than necessary 3. use selective honestly to disarm victims 4. play a sucker to catch a sucker |
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What is considered when determining if lying is right or wrong? |
Motives and consequences |
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Primary goals are to survive and reproduce: |
nonhuman deception |
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change color or body to look like a face |
morphology |
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Four levels of Deception: |
1. Appearance 2. Coordination of Perception and Action 3. Learning 4. Planning |
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trial and error = learn what will or will not result in particular consequences: |
learning |
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signature patterns of deception: |
1. resource extraction rate 2. community integration 3. detectability |
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What are the three skills kids need to develop to lie? |
1. perspective taking 2. understanding intentionality 3. communication skills |
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ages 2-3 |
1. "take away" "peek-a-boo"
2. children make false statements 3. reality is enriched by their fantasy life |
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ages 3-6 |
1. develop a sense of understanding for false beliefs 2. children alter their messages according to perceived listener knowledge |
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ages 5-9 |
1. developing/maintaining new relationships and tasks 2. some children gain confidence, others discover they have a lot to learn 3. first time child "gets away with a lie" |
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ages 7-12 |
1. develop adult-like deception skills 2. think about truth and lying differently 3. keep secrets from parents, hold more responsibility |
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Which age group tells prosocial lies? |
ages 5-9 |
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Which age group tells false statements |
ages 2-3 |
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What age group starts keeping secrets? |
ages 7-12 |
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What age group alter their messages with listener in mind? |
ages 3-6 |
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reasons why children lie during early childhood: |
1. desire to avoid punishment2. getting one's way3. joking 4. didn't know any better
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reasons why children lie during adolescence: |
1. peer relationships - want to be popular/excepted 2. authority figures - challenge those in power 3. growing independence |
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What two components are critical to children testifying in court? |
1. competency - wheeler v. united states 2. suggestibility |
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a motivated unawareness of conflicting knowledge in which threatening knowledge is selectively filtered from consciousness |
Self-deception |
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levels of self-deception: |
1. levels of awareness 2. motivated, but not necessarily intentional 3. content 4. social/psychological process |
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you want something to be false, but it's true: |
twisted self-disclosure |
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use moral credentials gained from good behavior in the past to justify behaving badly in the present ex: working out and then eating a donut |
preemptive |
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make decisions to benefit oneself ex: better score on a test you graded yourself over being graded by someone else |
concurrent |