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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Arguments of this form assume that since something has not been proven false, it is therefore true. Conversely, such an argument may assume that since something has not been proven true, it is therefore false.
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Ignorance
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Fred said that he is smarter than Jill, but he didn't prove it, so it must be false.
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Ignorance
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If we pass laws against fully-automatic weapons, then it won't be long before we pass laws on all weapons, and then we will begin to restrict other rights, and finally we will end up living in a communist state. Thus, we should not ban fully-automatic weapons.
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Slippery Slope
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If I make an exception for you then I have to make an exception for everyone.
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Slippery Slope
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Two otherwise unrelated points are conjoined and treated as a single proposition. The reader is expected to accept or reject both together, when in reality one is acceptable while the other is not.
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Complex Question
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Have you stopped using illegal sales practises?
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Complex Question
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The reader is told that unpleasant consequences will follow if they do not agree with the author.
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Appeal to Force
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You had better agree that the new company policy is the best bet if you expect to keep your job.
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Appeal to Force
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NAFTA is wrong, and if you don't vote against NAFTA then we will vote you out of office
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Appeal to Force
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The reader is told to agree to the proposition because of the pitiful state of the author.
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Appeal to Pity
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How can you say that's out? It was so close, and besides, I'm down ten games to two.
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Appeal to Pity
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We hope you'll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it.
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Appeal to Pity
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A proposition is held to be true because it is widely held to be true or is held to be true by some (usually upper crust) sector of the population.
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Appeal to the mob
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If you were beautiful, you could live like this, so buy Buty-EZ and become beautiful.
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Appeal to the mob
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Polls suggest that the Liberals will form a majority government, so you may as well vote for them.
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Appeal to the mob
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The person presenting an argument is attacked instead of the argument itself.
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Attacking the Person
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You may argue that God doesn't exist, but you are just following a fad.
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Attacking the Person
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We should disregard Share B.C.'s argument because they are being funded by the logging industry.
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Attacking the Person
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My friend heard on the news the other day that Canada will declare war on Serbia
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Appeal to Authority
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The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion
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Hasty Generalization
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Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves
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Hasty Generalization
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I asked six of my friends what they thought of the new spending restraints and they agreed it is a good idea. The new restraints are therefore generally popular.
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Hasty Generalization
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two objects (or events), A and B are shown to be similar. Then it is argued that since A has property P, so also B must have property P. An *** fails when the two objects, A and B, are different in a way which affects whether they both have property P.
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False Analogy
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Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees.
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False Analogy
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Government is like business, so just as business must be sensitive primarily to the bottom line, so also must government.
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False Analogy
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A general rule is applied when circumstances suggest that an exception to the rule should apply.
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Accident
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The law says that you should not travel faster than 50 kph, thus even though your father could not breathe, you should not have travelled faster than 50 kph.
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Accident
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It is good to return things you have borrowed. Therefore, you should return this automatic rifle from the madman you borrowed it from.
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Accident
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An exception to a generalization is applied to cases where the generalization should apply.
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Converse Accident
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Because you allowed Jill, who was hit by a truck, to hand in her assignment late, you should allow the entire class to hand in their assignments late.
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Converse Accident
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Because we allow terminally ill patients to use heroin, we should allow everyone to use heroin.
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Converse Accident
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The truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises. Often, the conclusion is simply restated in the premises in a slightly different form. In more difficult cases, the premise is a consequence of the conclusion.
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Begging the Question
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Since I'm not lying, it follows that I'm telling the truth.
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Begging the Question
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We know that God exists, since the Bible says God exists. What the Bible says must be true, since God wrote it and God never lies.
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Begging the Question
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The author attacks an argument which is different from, and usually weaker than, the opposition's best argument.
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Straw Man
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People who opposed the Charlottetown Accord probably just wanted Quebec to separate. But we want Quebec to stay in Canada.
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Straw Man
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We should have conscription. People don't want to enter the military because they find it an inconvenience. But they should realize that there are more important things than convenience.
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Straw Man
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The same word is used with two different meanings.
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Equivocation
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Criminal actions are illegal, and all murder trials are criminal actions, thus all murder trials are illegal. (Here the term "criminal actions" is used with two different meanings
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Equivocation
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All child-murderers are inhuman, thus, no child-murderer is human.
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Equivocation
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A plane is a carpenter's tool, and the Boeing 737 is a plane, hence the Boeing 737 is a carpenter's tool.
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Equivocation
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Emphasis is used to suggest a meaning different from the actual content of the proposition.
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Accent
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The first mate, seeking revenge on the captain, wrote in his journal, "The Captain was sober today." (
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Accent
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It would be illegal to give away *Free Beer*!
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Accent
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Because the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property. That whole may be either an object composed of different parts, or it may be a collection or set of individual members
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Composition
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The brick wall is six feet tall. Thus, the bricks in the wall are six feet tall.
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Composition
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Germany is a militant country. Thus, each German is militant.
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Composition
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Because the whole has a certain property, it is argued that the parts have that property. The whole in question may be either a whole object or a collection or set of individual members.
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Division
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Each brick is three inches high, thus, the brick wall is three inches high.
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compisition
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Because the brain is capable of consciousness, each neural cell in the brain must be capable of consciousness
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Division
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