Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Germinal stage
|
first 2 weeks; fertilized ovum is called zygote
|
|
|
|
embryonic stage
|
3rd-8th week
|
|
|
|
fetal stage
|
9th week-birth
|
|
|
|
Reasons for birth defects 1 out of 6 births
|
Genetic, exposure to teratogens, poor maternal health, complications during birth process
|
|
|
|
Birth defects due to genetic factors
|
are the result of a pair of recessive genes or a chromosomal abnormality
|
|
|
|
Recessive gene disorders
|
conditions due to a pair of recessive genes include sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, diabetes and phenylketonuris (PKU)
|
|
|
|
Phenylketonuria
|
lack enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk. By adhering to a diet low in phenylalanine beginning before age 6 prevents the severe Mental Retardation that can accompany it.
|
|
|
|
Chromosomal abnormalities
|
ssex-linked or autosomal-Turner's, Klinefelter's and Fragile X syndromes (sex-linked); Down Syndrome is autosomal
|
|
|
|
Teratogens
|
substances that cross the placental barrier and cause defects in the embryo or fetus
|
Embryonic stage is most susceptible to structural changes
|
|
|
Alcohol-when mother drinks heavily every day or, in the early stages of pregnancy, engages in binge drinking
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include facial deformities, retarded physical growth, heart defects, mental retardation, hyperactivity
|
|
|
|
Narcotics
|
Neonatal abstinence syndrome characterized by tremors, restlessness, rapid respiration, seizures and can lead to death. High risk for low birth weight, reduced head circumference and SIDS
|
|
|
|
Cocaine
|
risk increases for spontaneous abortion and stillbirth-SIDS, seizures, low birth weight, reduced head cir.; often have tremors, irritability and exagerrated startle response, sleep and feeding difficulties, developmental delays
|
|
|
|
Nicotine
|
placental abnormalties causing fetal death and stillbirth. low birthweight, SIDS respiratory diseases, emotional and intellectual deficits
|
|
|
|
lead
|
low birth weight and MR
|
|
|
|
1-3 Months
|
Able to raise chin from ground and turn head from side to side; by the third month can play with hands and fingers
|
|
|
|
4-6 months
|
by 4 months rolls over; at 5 months, sits on lap, reaches, and grasps; at 6 months, sits alone and stands with help; first teeth erupt at 5-9 months
|
|
|
|
7-9 months
|
shows increasingly good coordination; at 8 to 9 months, begins crawling andn creeping
|
|
|
|
9-12
|
9 months stands holding furniture, 10 walks with help; at 12 mths pulls self up to stand w/ furniture
|
|
|
|
15
|
Able to climb stairs; 13, 14, stands alone, takes first steps alone and then walks alone with a wide based gait; can throw objects
|
|
|
|
18 months
|
walks and runs with a wide stance; 17 mths, starts walking sideways and backwards
|
|
|
|
2 years
|
walks with a steady gait; runs in a fairly controlled way; starts to jump; climbs stairs with help; 50% of children use toilet during the day by 24 months
|
|
