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the information age or the new economy.

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Third Industrial Revolution

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was used to compile health information and was adopted to tabulate the 1890 Census.

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Card punch design

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invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs.

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Joseph Marie Jacquard

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designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years

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Herman Hollerith

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presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas

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Alan Turing

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design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously.

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Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry

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build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.

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John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

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the first commercial computer for business and government applications

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UNIVAC

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invented the transistor.

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William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories

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develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL. COBOL (Common BusinessOriented Language) is a high-level programming language for business applications

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Grace Hopper

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is a high-level programming language for business applications

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COBOL (Common BusinessOriented Language)

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FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for ________, is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus

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FORmula TRANslation

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unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip

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Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce

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shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI).

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Douglas Engelbart

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an operating system that addressed compatibility issues

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UNIX

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the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip

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Intel 1103

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leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk," allowing data to be shared among computers.

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Alan Shugart

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is a magnetic storage medium for computer systems

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floppy disk

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for connecting multiple computers and other hardware

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Ethernet

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a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet

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Robert Metcalfe

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described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models

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Altair 8080

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start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I

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Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

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the first computerized spreadsheet program

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VisiCalc

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The first IBM personal computer, code-named

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Acorn

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is the first personal computer with a GUI

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Apple's Lisa

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is a system of interactive visual components for computer software.

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GUI (graphical user interface)

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first dot-com domain name is registered on

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March 15

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a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web

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Tim Berners-Lee

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develop the Google search engine at Stanford University

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Sergey Brin and Larry Page

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is developing a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers.

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Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

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Business organization stores terabytes of data every day, which must be arranged, sorted and restored

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Cloud Computing

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will increase the productivity of an organization by saving time and money

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Cloud

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has turned the dream of smart homes, devices, cars, and workplaces into a reality.

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The Internet of Things

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along with machine learning will be an unstoppable force in 2018

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Artificial Intelligence

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will be a deciding vote for brand engagement. Amazon’s Alexa and Echo have proved to be current market leaders in the world

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Virtual Assistance

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is a technology which places a computer-generated image in front of a user creating a composite view of reality. Unlike virtual reality, it uses existing environment

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Augmented Reality

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can change the world by creating touchable pictures, human body parts, lightweight, and longlasting cast for broken bones, and safer, stronger vehicles.

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3-D printing

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is the use of software to automate business processes such as interpreting applications, processing transactions, dealing with data, and even replying to emails.

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Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

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might not seem like emerging technology, given that it has been around for a while, but it is evolving just as other technologies are.

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Cybersecurity

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is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data

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computer

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five generations of computers:

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First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards

Second Generation Computers: Transistors and Batch Filing

Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits and MultiProgramming

Fourth Generation Computers: The Microprocessor, OS and GUI

Fifth Generation Computers: The Present and The Future

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• Used vacuum tubes for circuitry • Electron emitting metal in vacuum tubes burned out easily • Used magnetic drums for memory • Were huge, slow, expensive, and many times undependable • Were expensive to operate • Were power hungry • Generated a lot of heat which would make them malfunction • Solved one problem at a time • Used input based on punched cards • Had their outputs displayed in print outs • Used magnetic tapes • Used machine language

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First Generation computers

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computers are examples of first-generation computing devices

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UNIVAC and ENIAC

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moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words

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Second-generation computers

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• Used transistors • Faster and more reliable than first generation systems • Were slightly smaller, cheaper, faster • Generated heat though a little less • Still relied on punch cards and printouts for input/output • Allowed assembly and high-level languages • Stored data in magnetic media • Were still costly • Needed air conditioning

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Second Generation computers

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• Used ICs • Used parallel processing • Were slightly smaller, cheaper, faster • Used motherboards • Data was input using keyboards • Output was visualized on the monitors • Used operating systems, thus permitting multitasking • Simplified programming languages (i.e. BASIC)

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Third Generation computers

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• Used CPUs which contained thousands of transistors • Were much smaller and fitted on a desktop, laps and palms • Used a mouse • Were used in networks • Were cheap • Had GUI • Were very fast • Register over 19 billion transistors in high-end microprocessor

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Fourth Generation computers

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is the earliest age of information technology.

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pre-mechanical age

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used signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words.

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cuneiform

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which were usually carved in the rock.

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petroglyphs

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Early alphabets were developed such as the

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Phoenician alphabet

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A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the

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abacus

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is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors.

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mechanical age

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in Mainz, Germany, invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450 and sped up the process of composing pages from weeks to a few minutes.

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Johann Gutenberg

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an English clergyman, invented the slide rule, a device that allowed the user to multiply and divide by sliding two pieces of precisely machines and scribed wood against each other.

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William Oughtred

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a device that allowed the user to multiply and divide by sliding two pieces of precisely machines and scribed wood against each other.

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slide rule

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frustrated by mistakes, set his mind to create a machine that could both calculate numbers and print the results

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Charles Babbage

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the name was based on a method of solving mathematical equations called the "method of differences"

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Difference Engine

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which would hold the numbers that had been inputted and the quantities that resulted after they had been manipulated

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store

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a French mathematician, invented the Pascaline around 1642 which was a very popular mechanical computer

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Blaise Pascal

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helped Babbage design the instructions that would be given to the machine on punch cards

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Lady Augusta Ada Byron

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She has been called the "first programmer".

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Lady Augusta Ada Byron

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Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology

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ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE

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was created in the early 1800s. It is the first major invention to use electricity for communication purposes and made it possible to transmit information over great distances with great speed.

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Telegraph

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the alphabet) into bits (dots and dashes) that could then be transformed into electrical impulses and transmitted over a wire

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Morse code

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perfected a machine that could automatically sort census cards into a number of categories using electrical sensing devices to "read" the punched holes

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Herman Hollerith

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is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now.

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electronic age

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was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.

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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

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The computer systems can be classified on the following basis:

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1. On the basis of size.

2. On the basis of functionality.

3. On the basis of data handling.

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Classification on the basis of size

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Super computers

Mainframe computers

Mini computers

Micro computers

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are the most high performing system

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Super computers

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These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as statics, census data processing, transaction processing

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Mainframe computers

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These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames

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Mini computers

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is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.

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microcomputer

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Classification on the basis of functionality

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Servers

Workstation

Information Appliances

Embedded computers

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are nothing but dedicated computers which are set- up to offer some services to the clients.

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Servers

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Those are the computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time.

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Workstation

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They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc. They are generally referred as the mobile devices.

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Information Appliances

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They are the computing devices which are used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements. They follow instructions from the non-volatile memory and they are not required to execute reboot or reset.

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Embedded computers

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Classification on the basis of data handling

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Analog

Digital

Hybrid

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is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact

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analog

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A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”, “

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Digital

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A computer that processes both analog and digital data

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Hybrid

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Since World War II, the performance capabilities of computers and telecommunications have been doubling every few years at constant cost

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Technological Evolution

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can help us understand how we can use these emerging technologies.

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cognition enhancers

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enhance human accomplishment by a division of labor

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Empowering environments

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is a framework for creating an interconnected, web-like representation of symbols

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Hypermedia

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the first generation software application

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Command Line Programs (1980s)

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with the popularity of graphical interface

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Desktop Application (1990s)

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with web’s availability, the next generation applications were developed keeping world wide web in mind.

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Web application (21st century)

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media has transformed itself based on two things –

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(1) how information is presented; and

(2) how the connection is established

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normally refers to the means of communication that uses unique tools to interconnect among people.

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Media

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Media is considered to be the message itself

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The Message

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is a form of content created and owned by the users of a system.

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User-generated content (UGC)

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Keep a diary or a journal is a traditional method

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Blog

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used refers to the tool or tools used in sending a message from the source to the destination.

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The medium

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is the one who delivers the message

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The messenger