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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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*chromosome—
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a strand of DNA found in the cell nucleus; carries genetic information
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*gene—
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functional unit of the chromosome, which directs the synthesis of proteins
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*deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—
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the basic genetic material that serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules
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*ribonucleic acid (RNA)—
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single-strand chemical; one type of RNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of protein molecules
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*enzyme—
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biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body; they are molecules that combine two substances or break substances into two parts
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*homozygous—
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identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes
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heterozygous--
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unmatched pair of genes (e.g. you might have a gene for blue eyes on one chromosome and a gene for brown eyes on the other)
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dominant gene--
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gene that shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
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recessive gene--
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gene that shows its effects only in the homozygous condition
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crossing over--
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a pair of chromosome my break apart during reproduction and reconnect such that part of one chromosome attaches to the other part of the second chromosome
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sex-linked gene--
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genes located on the sex chromosomes; all other chromosomes are autosomal chromosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
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autosomal gene--
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genes on autosomal chromosomes
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X & Y chromosomes--
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sex chromosomes; most mammals have one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell; males have one Y chromosomes and one X chromosome, whereas females have two X chromosomes
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sex-limited gene--
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genes present in both sexes but have effects mainly or exclusively for one sex; genes control such characteristics as the amount of chest hair in men and breast size in women; both sexes have those genes, but sex hormones activate them, so their effect depend on male or female hormones.
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recombination--
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a new combination of genes, some from one parent and some from the other that yields characteristics not found in either parent; for example, a mother with curly blond hair and father with straight black hair could have a child with curly black hair or straight blond hair.
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mutation--
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change in a single gene; for example, a gene for brown eues might mutate into a gene for blue eyes
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monozygotic twins--
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identical twins (from one egg)
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dizygotic twins--
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fraternal twins (from two eggs)
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heritability--
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degree to which variations in some characteristic depend largely on hereditary influences; high heritability-- largely affected by heredity, low heritability-- minimally affected by heredity.
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multiplier effect--
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if genetic or prenatal influences produce even a small increase in some activity, the early tendency will change the that environment in a way that magnifies the tendency
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phenylketonuria (PKU)--
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a genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine; if PKU is not treated, the phenylalanine accumulates to toxic levels, impairing brain development and leaving children mentally retarded, restless, and irritable
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