Leslie - Gross Anatomy - Thoracic Wall And Organs

Front 1

What do the dorsal branches of thoracic spinal nerves provide motor innervation to and sensory innervation from?

Back 1

Motor to epaxial muscles.
Sensory from skin via lateral cutaneous branches.

Front 2

What do the ventral branches of thoracic spinal nerves provide motor innervation to and sensory innervation from?

Back 2

Motor to muscles of the thoracic wall.
Sensory from skin of the thoracic wall via lateral and ventral cutaneous branches.

Front 3

What does the transversus thoracis muscle do?

Back 3

Contributes to expiration

Front 4

At which intercostal space is the olecranon located in the dog?

Back 4

5th

Front 5

How many ribs are there? Of them, how many are sternal or asternal?

Back 5

13 pairs of ribs.
9 pairs of sternal (attached directly to the sternum)
4 pairs of asternal (10, 11, 12 form the costal arch, 13 is the floating rib)

Front 6

Which border of the ribs do the intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves course along?

Back 6

The caudal border.

Front 7

What is the dorsal, lateral, ventral, caudal, and cranial boundary to the thoracic cavity?

Back 7

Dorsal - vertebral column, longus colli m. to T7

Lateral - ribs, internal intercostal mm., costal cartilages

Ventral - sternum, transversus thoracis m.

Caudal - diaphragm

Cranial - thoracic inlet

Front 8

What are the dorsal, lateral, and ventral borders to the thoracic inlet?

Back 8

Dorsal - 1st thoracic vertebra T1, longus colli

Lateral - first pair of ribs

Ventral - first sternebra

SHE WILL ASK US A QUESTION ON THE THORACIC INLET

Front 9

What two cavities does the diaphragm divide? How far cranially does it extend?

Back 9

The thoracic and abdominal.

It extends cranially to the 6th or 7th rib. (this means that the abdominal organs extend this far into the thoracic cavity)

Front 10

What is in the pleural cavity?

Back 10

Serous fluid. Not lungs.

Front 11

What two layers make up the pleural cavity?

Back 11

Parietal and Visceral Pleura

Front 12

What makes up pleura?

Back 12

Serous membrane which consists of simple squamous epithelium and subserous connective tissue.

Pleura can be categorized into visceral and parietal sections.

Front 13

What is the function of pleura?

Back 13

Pleura secretes serous fluid which allows for nearly frictionless movement of lungs during breathing

Front 14

What specific types of pleura are 1, 2, 3, 4?

Back 14

Types of parietal pleura:
1. Costal pleura
2. Mediastinal pleura
3. Diaphragmatic pleura (Bryan is right)

Type of visceral pleura:
4. Pulmonary pleura

Front 15

What is the mediastinum in general terms?

Back 15

The median partition in the thorax, dividing the region between the R and L pleural sacs.

Front 16

What does the mediastinum contain?

Back 16

heart, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, thymus, vessels, nerves

Front 17

What is the mediastinum bounded by?

Back 17

connective tissue and pleura

Front 18

What are the regions of the mediastinum?

Back 18

cranial, middle and caudal

Front 19

Is the mediastinum symmetrical? If not, why?

Back 19

Not symmetrical – deflected to the left in certain places due to larger right lung

Front 20

T/F The mediastinum is a tough membrane in dogs and cats that does not rupture easily.

Back 20

False
The thickness of the mediastinum varies in species and is delicate in dogs and cats.

Front 21

What is the cupula pleura?

Back 21

Cranial apex of each pleural sac cranial to the first rib
Left extends further cranially than the right

Front 22

Identify 14 and 15 in this picture.

Back 22

14. Plica vena cava
15. mediastinal recess (formed by plica vena cava and mediastinum)

Front 23

What does the accessory lobe of the right lung sit in?

Back 23

The mediastinal recess (formed by plica vena cava and mediastinum).

Front 24

What courses through the plica vena cava?

Back 24

caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve. (11 and d)

Front 25

What is the junction between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae called?

Back 25

Line of pleural reflection
(5 in the picture)

Front 26

T/F
The line of pleural reflection is the most caudal extent of each pleural cavity.

Back 26

True

Front 27

What does the line of pleural reflection mark the caudal extent of?

Back 27

Each pleural cavity
(5 in the picture)

Front 28

Where does the line of pleural reflection course between?

Back 28

From sternum along 8th costal cartilage, crosses middle of ninth cartilage and then proceeds in a curve that extends from the costochondral junction of the
11th rib to the dorsal end of
the 13th rib

Front 29

CARINA!? What the bleep is a carina?!

No, seriously, what's a carina?

Back 29

Where the trachea bifurcates into right and left principal (primary, mainstem) bronchi.

Front 30

What does each principal bronchus course to?

Back 30

A lung

Front 31

How many lobar bronchi do the right and left lungs have?

Back 31

The left lung has 2 lobar bronchi and the right lung has 4 lobar bronchi.

Front 32

What is a lobar bronchi?

Back 32

Lobar bronchi are the secondary bronchi branching off of primary bronchi. One lobar bronchi to each lobe.

Front 33

Describe the lobes of the left lung.

Back 33

Cranial lobe containing the cranial and caudal part and the caudal lobe.

Front 34

Describe the lobes of the right lung.

Back 34

Cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe.

Front 35

Where is the cardiac notch?

Back 35

At 4th and 5th intercostal space
Between cranial and middle lung lobes

Front 36

What is a pulmonary ligament?

Back 36

The pulmonary ligament connects caudal lung lobes to the mediastinum for stabilization.

Dr. Clark thinks that these are really cool.

Front 37

Where is the auscultation and percussion area of the lungs? (there is a cranial, dorsal and caudal extent)

Back 37

Cranial extent – 5th rib, caudal border of triceps brachii m.
Dorsal extent – lateral margin of the epaxial muscles
Caudal extent – Basal (caudal) border of the lungs which are defined by the landmarks:
costochondral junction of 6th rib through middle of 8th rib, to dorsal end of 11th IC space

Front 38

What are the two recesses of the thoracic cavity?

Back 38

Costodiaphragmatic recess and costomediastinal recess

Front 39

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Back 39

Formed by reflection of diaphragmatic and costal pleurae
Extent of recess varies with phase of respiration but remains considerable even in full inspiration

One of the two recesses of the thoracic cavity, the other one being the costomediastinal recess.

Front 40

What is the costomediastinal recess?

Back 40

Located ventral to the lungs
Formed between the ventral mediastinum and the lateral thoracic walls

One of the two recesses of the thoracic cavity, the other one being the costodiaphragmatic recess.

Front 41

T/F Sweetbreads go best with honey.

Back 41

Gross dude. Sweetbreads is another thing to call the glandular structure known as the thymus. It's a freakin' lymphoepithelial organ that tries to recondition short bus T-cells (immunologically incompetent in science-speak)

Front 42

Where is the thymus located?

Back 42

Glandular structure located between the thoracic inlet and pericardium

Front 43

When is the thymus largest?

Back 43

Puberty

Front 44

What is the function of the thymus?

Back 44

To train immunologically incompetent T-cells.

Front 45

What is the thymus?

Back 45

A lymphoepithelial organ, composed of R and L lobes.

The left lobe is larger.

Front 46

Where is the sternal lymph node located?

Back 46

Embedded in fat beside the sternum at the level of the second rib near the internal thoracic artery

Front 47

What is embedded in fat beside the sternum at the level of the second rib near the internal thoracic artery?

Back 47

The sternal lymph node

Front 48

Where does the sternal lymph node receive lymph from and drain it to?

Back 48

Receives lymph from muscles of the ventral chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, and the first three pairs of mammary glands.

Drains lymph to the veins at the thoracic inlet.

Front 49

Where is the tracheobronchial lymph node located?

Back 49

Located near the bifurcation of the trachea and the principal bronchi

Front 50

What lymph node is located near the carina and principal bronchi?

Back 50

Tracheobronchial lymph node.

Front 51

Where does the tracheobronchial lymph node receive lymph from and drain it to?

Back 51

Drain the lungs and mediastinal structures and part of the diaphragm
Efferent vessels drain into the cranial mediastinal lnn.

Front 52

Where is the cranial mediastinal lymph node located?

Back 52

Located near the large vessels cranial to the heart

Front 53

What lymph node is located near the large vessels cranial to the heart?

Back 53

Cranial mediastinal lymph node.

Front 54

Where does the cranial mediastinal lymph node receive lymph from and drain it to?

Back 54

Drain structures in the mediastinum (including the tracheobronchial lnn.) and the deep muscles at the base of the neck

Efferent vessels drain into veins at the thoracic inlet

Front 55

Where does the esophagus begin and end?

Back 55

Begins at the level of the axis
Ends at approximately the last thoracic vertebra

Front 56

Describe the location of the esophagus at C3, viewed caudally.

Back 56

It is still dorsal to the trachea (the big hole). Caudal view.

Front 57

Describe the location of the esophagus at C4 as viewed caudally.

Back 57

The esophagus starts to slide off the dorsal surface of the trachea (the big open hole) to the left. Caudal view.

Front 58

Describe the location of the esophagus at C7.

Back 58

The esophagus is now fully on the left lateral border of the trachea (the big open hole). Caudal view.

Front 59

Describe the location of the esophagus at T6.

Back 59

As the esophagus courses caudally, it again becomes dorsal to the trachea. This is a cranial view. Esophagus is the squiggly opening at the apex of the cranial mediastinum.

Front 60

In the dog and ruminants, the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is composed entirely of
a) smooth muscle
b) skeletal muscle
c) both
d) hyaline cartilage

Back 60

b) skeletal muscle

Front 61

In the cat and horse, the predominant type of muscle found in the caudal 1/3 of the esophagus is
a) smooth muscle
b) skeletal muscle
c) both
d) hyaline cartilage

Back 61

a) smooth muscle

Front 62

What is the clinical signifigance of the transverse folds in the feline terminal esophageal mucosa?

Back 62

The folds create a herringbone pattern that is evident endoscopically and on radiographs.

Front 63

Is this the caudal view of the cranial, middle, or caudal mediastinum?

Back 63

Cranial

Front 64

Is this the caudal view of the cranial, middle, or caudal mediastinum?

Back 64

Middle

Front 65

Is this the caudal view of the cranial, middle, or caudal mediastinum?

Back 65

Caudal