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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the inguinal area?
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The area between the abdomen and the thigh.
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What is the inguinal canal?
What does it extend between? |
The inguinal canal is the short fissure filled with connective tissue between the abdominal muscles.
It extends between the superficial and deep inguinal rings. |
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What passes through the inguinal canal (6 things male, 5 things female)?
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External pudendal a.
External pudendal v. Genitofemoral nerve Lymphatics Vaginal tunic (male) / vaginal process (female dog) Spermatic cord (male) |
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Is the inguinal canal real or fictional?
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It's sort of a theory. It exists if there are nondistended testes, then they reside in the canal, but without them, then it doesn't exit.
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What covers the superficial inguinal ring?
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The thoracolumbar fascia.
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What are the boundaries to the deep inguinal ring?
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A triangle forms the deep inguinal ring.
The medial boundary is the lateral edge of rectus abdominis m. The cranial boundary is the caudal edge of internal abdominal oblique m. The caudal boundary is the inguinal ligament. |
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Where does the inguinal ligament course between?
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It courses between the tuber coxae and iliopubic eminence of the pelvis.
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What does the inguinal ligament separate?
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It separates the vascular lacuna from the inguinal canal.
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Identify the inguinal ligament in this picture.
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It's #5
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What is the vascular lacuna?
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Opening in the body wall for vessels coursing to the pelvic limb
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What separates the vascular lacuna from the inguinal canal?
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The inguinal ligament
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What structures in common to both males and females course through the inguinal canal?
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External pudendal a.
External pudendal v. Genitofemoral n. Efferent lymphatics from the superficial inguinal ln. |
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What structures unique to the male course through the inguinal canal?
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Vaginal tunic and spermatic cord
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What structures unique to the female course through the inguinal canal?
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Vaginal process
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What arteries does the external pudendal artery give rise to?
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The caudal superficial epigastric a. and the ventral labial/ventral scrotal a.
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What pathway of arteries (starting with the aorta) leads to the external pudendal a.?
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Aorta to femoral a. to deep femoral a. to pudendoepigastric trunk which branches into caudal deep epigastric a. and external pudendal a.
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What nerve branches form the genitofemoral nerve?
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The ventral branches of L3 and L4 nerves.
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What is genitofemoral nerve motor to?
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Cremaster m.
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Where is the genitofemoral nerve sensory from?
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Genitofemoral n. is sensory from the skin in the inguinal region (inguingal mammary glad, prepuce), proximal medial thigh, and the scrotum.
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The lymphatic trunk coursing through the inguinal canal is made up of efferent vessels from what lymph node?
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The superficial inguinal ln.
4 in the picture |
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Where do the lymph vessels coursing through the inguinal canal drain into?
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The medial iliac ln.
1 in the drawing (or at least it looks like "1" to me) |
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Locate the superficial inguinal ln and medial iliac ln in this drawing
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1 - medial iliac ln
4 - superficial inguinal ln |
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What courses through the vaginal ring in the vaginal process?
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The round ligament of the uterus.
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Which animal has a vaginal process, a cat or a dog?
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The female dog is thought to be the only domestic mammal that has a vaginal process.
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In this photo, you should be able to locate the vaginal process, superficial inguinal ring, external pudendal a. and v., and genitofemoral n.
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I said that you should know them - there's no key. Refer to slide 14 of the inguinal structure lecture if you need help finding the: vaginal process, superficial inguinal ring, external pudendal a. and v., and genitofemoral n.
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What wraps around the testis and spermatic cord?
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The vaginal process.
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What's located between the parietal and visceral layers of the vaginal process in the male?
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The vaginal cavity.
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What is the peritoneal fold called at the entrance to the vaginal cavity? What passes through it?
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The vaginal ring. The spermatic cord passes through the vaginal ring.
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How does the anatomical vaginal tunic in the male compare to the clinical vaginal tunic?
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Clinically, the vaginal tunic includes the spermatic fascia and parietal vaginal tunic.
Anatomically, it just includes the parietal vaginal tunic. |
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Which membranes of the vaginal tunic in the male secrete serous fluid?
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The parietal and visceral vaginal tunics are serous membranes.
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What is incised during an open castration to make it an open castration.
What are the pros/cons of this procedure vs a closed castration. |
In veterinary practice an "open" castration refers to a castration in which the inguinal tunic is incised and not sutured. A "closed" castration refers to when the procedure is performed so that the inguinal tunic is sutured together after incision.
Can someone that understands this, explain it to me? I also got my upsides and downsides confused. |
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How many of the ten structures that pass through the spermatic cord can you name?
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The testicular a., v., n., and lymphatics.
The pampiniform plexus. The ductus deferens. The deferent a. and v. (the a. and v. of the ductus deferens). The internal cremaster m. The mesofuniculum. |
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Why don't the right and left testicular veins drain into the same structures on their respective sides?
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The right testicular v. drains into the caudal vena cava and the left drains into the left renal v. The right kidney is more cranial than the left kidney, so the right testicular v. just dumps into the caudal vena cava where the left testicular v. can make it to the left kidney.
I think that she said that she thinks of the left kidney as being "left behind." |
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Have you noticed that the testicular v. and the pampiniform plexus are always hanging around each other? I wonder what their story is?
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The pampiniform plexus wraps around the testicular artery.
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What type of nerve fibers comprise the testicular n.?
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Autonomic and sensory fibers
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Are the autonomic fiber in the testicular n. sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Where do they originate from? What do they innervate? |
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
They originate from the 4th, 5th, and 6th lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. They innervate blood vessels and smooth muscle fibers. |
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Where do the testicular lymphatics course?
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The efferents course to the medial iliac and lumbar aortic lnn.
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What is the function of the ductus deferens?
What artery and vein courses with it? |
The ductus deferens carries sperm from the epididymus to the urethra.
The deferent artery and vein courses with the ductus deferens. |
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What is the definition of mesentery?
What are the three sections of the mesentery of the spermatic cord? What do they connect? |
Mesentery is the membranous fold supporting an organ.
The three mesenteries of the spermatic cord are: mesorchium - mesentery of the testis mesoductus deferens - mesentery of the ductus deferens mesofuniculum - connects the mesorchium and mesoductus deferens to the parietal vaginal tunic |
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What muscle does the cremaster originate from?
What action does it perform? If a dog's cremaster muscle were to have a ... cremaster wrestling contest with a cat's cremaster muscle, which would win? |
The cremaster originates from the internal abdominal oblique.
It acts to pull the testis closer to the body. The cat cremaster would totally go down - it's less well-developed than in the dog. |
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We all know that the scrotum is a grab bag of fun, but what specifically is in there?
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The scrotal sac contains the testis, epididymus and distal part of the spermatic cord.
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What does the scrotal ligament connect?
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The scrotal ligament courses between the scrotum and vaginal tunic.
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Does the scrotal ligament get clipped in castration?
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No, seriously I don't know...does it?
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What is the function of the testis?
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Sperm and hormone production
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What is the function of the epididymis?
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Storage and maturation of sperm.
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Where's the head and tail of the epididymis?
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The head of the epididymis is located near the region of the testis where the vessels enter. The head of the epididymis is positioned craniodorsally in the dog, cranioventrally in the cat
The tail of the epididymis is located at the caudal extremity of the testis. |
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Holy crap does the scrotum and testis have a crap ton of layers - name them.
Let's see if a dirty mnemonic might help: Evil Dudes Try Eating Itty Pieces of Very Very Tiny Tittays. |
Yeah, it sucks - do better!
Epidermis Dermis Tunica dartos External spermatic fascia Internal spermatic fascia Parietal vaginal tunic Vaginal cavity Visceral vaginal tunic Tunica albuginea Testicular parenchyma |
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In the critically acclaimed sequel to March of the Penguins, Descent of the Testes, Morgan Freeman details the travails of the gubernaculum testis. What story does he tell? Don't forget the remnants.
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The story of the gubernaculum testis is the story of condensing the mesenchymal tissue to draw back the testes.
The gubernaculum remnants are the proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis in the male, and the round ligament of the uterus in the female. |
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Where do the proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis course between?
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The proper ligament of the testis courses between the tail of the epididymis and the testis.
The ligament of the tail of the epididymis courses between the tail of the epididymis and the vaginal tunic. |
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What does the round ligament of the uterus course between? What is it a remnant of?
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The round ligament of the uterus courses from the cranial tip of the uterine horn to the vaginal process. It is a remnant of the gubernaculum.
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