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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are soilborne bacterial diseases transmitted?
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introduction of soil to body by an abrasion, cut or wound
Inhalation of dust |
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Bacterial Disease agents are often ______since they live in soil and must be able to resist environmental extremes.
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spore-formers
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What is the cause of Anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis
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What are the three types of anthrax?
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Pulmonary or inhalation (inhalation of spores)
Gastrointestinal (consumption of conatminated meat) Cutaneous (inoculation of spores into cuts in skin) |
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What disease is associated with pulmonary or inhalation anthrax?
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Woolsorter's disease
(worst type of anthrax you can get is pulmonary or inhalation) |
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With anthrax, is direct person-to-person transmission likely?
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No. it is unlikely
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What are some other sources of bacillus anthracis?
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violin bows
leather jackets bioterrorism |
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With anthrax, spores germinate when?
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on contact with human tissues
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Why is bacillus anthracis hard to phagocytose?
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Thick capsule on cells
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Bacillus anthracis produces toxins which work together to kill host cells. Name three toxins.
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Edema factor (EF)
Protective antigen (PA) Lethal factor (LF) |
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What does Edema factor (EF) do?
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EF converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP overproduced
cAMP-intracellular signaling molecule- things in cell go crazy with too much cAMP |
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What does Protective antigen (PA)do?
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Helps bacteria bind human cells
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What does Lethal factor (LF) toxin do?
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Causes death of human cells
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What is used to treat anthrax?
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penicillin (ciprofloxacin or doxycycline are given if bacteria are resistant to penicillin)
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How would you remove bacillus anthracis spores from contaminated areas?
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burying them in lime or incinerating them
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What vaccine is used for anthrax?
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cell-free filtrate of B. anthracis
6 inoculations over 18 months |
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Anthrax is usually a disease of ____
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farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats) and wild animals
Animals eat spores with food |
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______results from tissue destruction (anthrax)
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bloody black fluid
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Inhalation/pulmonary anthrax leads to ______ with ____
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blood infection
hemorrhaging - initial symptoms similar to common cold, usually fatal |
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GI anthrax results in _____ (symptoms)
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violent dysentery, (bloody diarrhea) 25-60% fatal
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What are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?
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black-crusted lesions, death is rare unless infection gets to blood
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What is the causing agent of Tetanus, one of the most dangerous of human diseases?
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Clostridium tetani
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Where is Clostridium tetani found?
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found in intestines of many animals
-feces exreted to soil -soil introduced to wound -anaerobic environment spurs vegetative growth |
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What are some sources of introducing clostridium tetani into the body?
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animal bites, rusty nails, broken glass, body piercing
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What toxin is produced from Clostridium tetani?
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tetanospasmin
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What does tetanospasmin do?
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inhibits relaxation pathway following muscle contraction
bacteria not invasive, toxin spreads throughout the body |
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Tetanus has several symptoms including rapid devloping muscle stiffness and reduced ventilation. Name three specific symptoms.
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Trismus
Risus sardonicus Opisthotonus |
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What is characteristic of Trismus?
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lockjaw, clenched teeth, jaw muscle spasms
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What is characteristic of risus sardonicus?
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grinning caused by facial muscle spasms
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What is characteristic of opisthotonus?
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arching of back
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What is used to treat tetanus?
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sedatives, dark quiet rooms, antitoxin & antibiotics
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What is used as a vaccination for tetanus?
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DTaP immunization- tetanospasmin toxoid, requires boosters
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What is Gas Gangrene also known as?
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clostridial myonecrosis
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What is the causative agent of gas gangrene?
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Clostridium perfringens
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What are the symptoms of gas gangrene?
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pain from infected wound, increased swelling, foul odor and frothy fluid from bacterial invasion of dead, anaerobic tissue
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Clostridium perfringens, causative agent of gas gangrene, secretes the enzyme ____
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lecithinase
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What does lecithinase do?
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dissolves cell membrane and relases toxic cellular enzymes
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Besides dissolving cell membrane and releasing toxic cellular enzymes, lecithinase secretes _____ and ____
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hyaluronidase and hemolysin
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What is used to treat gas gangrene?
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antibiotics and sometimes amuptation
also DEBRIDEMENT- excision. don't take off whole arm or leg, just part |
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What is the mechanism behind arthropodborne bacterial diseases?
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- arthropods eat blood of infected animal
- arthropods become infected - bite or defecate into another host and transmit infectious agent |
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What are four of the most common arthropod vectors?
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fleas, lice, ticks, mosquitoes
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What is the causing agent of bubonic plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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Is yersinia pestis gram + or -?
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Gram -
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What does Yersinia pestis look like?
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Bipolar staining makes it look like a safety pin
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What are the vectors (things that carry Yersinia pestis) of Bubonic Plague?
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- Xenopsylla cheopsis- rat fleas
When host rats die, fleas go to humans - ground squirrels, prairie dogs, other wild rodents cause sylvatic plague |
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What are rat fleas called?
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Xenopsylla cheopsis
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What do Ground squirrels, prairie dogs, other wild rodents cause?
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Sylvatic plague
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Besides Xenopsylla cheopsis, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, and other wild rodents, how else is yersinia pestis transmitted?
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airborne droplets between humans
- results in pneumonic plague - death in 2 days (100% mortality) |
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When Yersinia pestis is transmitted by airborne droplets between humans, what plague results?
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pneumonic plague
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Blood disease is a symptom of the bubonic plauge. Bacteria multiply in blood stream and localize in lymph nodes. What are three main symptoms?
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1) Buboes
2) Rosies 3) Septicemic plague |
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What is characteristic of buboes?
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hemorrhaging & swelling in lymph nodes
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What is characteristic of rosies?
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hemorrhaging on skin resulting in dark purplish spots
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What is characteristic of septicemic plague?
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bacilli overwhelm circulatory system (50% mortality)
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What is used to treat bubonic plague?
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antibiotics (erythromycin, streptomycin) when detected early
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What vaccine is used to prevent bubonic plague?
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dead Yersinia pestis for folk in high-risk professions (forest rangers, health-care workers)
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What is the causative agent of Lyme Disease?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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What kind of bacteria is Borrelia burgdorferi?
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G-, microaerophilic spirochete
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How could you prevent Borrelia burgdorferi from infecting you?
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Protective clothing
remove ticks antiseptic |
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What vaccine is used to prevent lyme disease?
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Made from OspA liproprotein from outher surface of Borelia burgdorferi
- 3 injections for immunity *OspA liproprotein |
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What is the vector for transmitting lyme Disease?
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ticks
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Name two kinds of ticks
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Ixodes scapularis
- deer tick found in NE and MW Ixodes pacificus - woodrat tick found in W |
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How is Lyme Disease transmitted?
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- animal host leaves tick on tall grass.
- human host picks up tick walking through grass - tick penetrates skin - during the next day or two, tick eats blood meal and defecates into wound depositing spirochetes |
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There are three stages to Lyme Disease. What are they?
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Early localized
Early disseminated Late chronic |
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What happens in the early localized stage?
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Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM)- does not itch, flu-like symptoms
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What happens in the early disseminated stage?
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joint pain-arthritis, damage may be irreversible
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What happens in the late chronic stage?
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Headaches, loss of muscle tone, hearing/vision abnormalities, damage to cardiovascular, nervous systems
mortality rate not high |
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How is Lyme Disease treated?
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penicillin or tetracycline at early localized stage
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Who discovered that ticks transmitted Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) and was a victim of Mexican typhus?
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Howard Taylor Ricketts
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What is the causing agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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What are two types of ticks that are vectors of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Dermacentor
Amblyomma |
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What test is used to diagnose for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Weil-Felix test- agglutination test
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In the Weil-Felix test- agglutination test, serum is mixed with ____
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Proteus OX19
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In the Weil-Felix test, what will cause agglutination?
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Serum Abs and O polysaccharide on Proteus OX19
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Proteus and Rickettsiae have the same ____
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O polysaccharide
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Describe the WEil-Felix test
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- mix serum with Proteus OX19
- Serum Abs and O polysaccharide on Proteus will cause agglutination - Proteus and Rickettsiae have same O polysaccharide |
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What are the classic symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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high fever, spotted rash
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Rocky Mountain SPotted Fever has symptoms such as high fever and spotted rash. It starts as _____(pink spots), progresses to ______(pimples, reflecting small blood vessel damage), and then to _______ from extremities to trunk
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Macules
papules maculopapular rash |
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pink spots
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macules
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pimples, reflecting small blood vessel damage
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papules
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rash from extremities to trunk
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maculopapular rash
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What is used to treat Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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tetracycline, chloramphenicol
- High mortality- 75% if not diagnosed early * chloramphenicol |
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What is the agent of typhus?
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Rickettsiae prowazekkii
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What is the vector of rickettsiae prowazekii?
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Pediculus, head and body lice
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What are the symptoms of Rickettsiae prowazekii?
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maculopapular rash (extremities to trunk)
104oF fever causes hallucinations/delirium |
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How do you treat typhus?
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tetracycline
chloramphenicol |
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How do you prevent Rickettsiae prowazekii?
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good hygiene
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How do you diagnose for Rickettsiae prowazekii?
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Weil-Felix test
-uses non disease causing protease as indicator |
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How is rickettsiae prowazekii transmitted?
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PEDICULUS lice gets on head or body. It doesn't actively cause disease. Person gets itchy with lice on himself. Person will scratch in feces of lice. Feces will contain Rickettsiae prowazekii
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