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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbiome
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A collection of microbes in and on our body
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Microbiota
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Microbes in and on our body including bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes(fungus or protozoa)
-About 90% of the cells in or on our body |
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Metagenome
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-Our second genome
-All of the microbial genomes in a community of organisms -About 100 fold more microbial genes than human genes |
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Rumen
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A part of the digestive system in cattle with a lot of bacteria where cellulase is produced in order to break down cellulose
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Cecum
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A microbial fermentation chamber in some herbivores
-Near the large intestine |
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Microbial antagonism
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-Colonization by harmless (benign or beneficial) microbes protect us from invasion by pathogenic microbes
-Occupy adherence site, consume nutrients, produce inhibitory substances, affects pH and oxygen |
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Peptidoglycan
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A polymer of amino sugars that make up bacterial cell walls
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Biofilms
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-A community of microbes that live together on a surface
-When cells contact a solid surface the excrete a gel-like polysaccharide matrix that traps other cells -Enhance antimicrobial resistance |
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Quorum sensing
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Bacteria in biofilms communicate using chemical signals
-Attract other species -Production of matrix polysaccharides |
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16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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-A gene that encodes small subunit of rRNA that is essential for protein translation
-All bacteria have 165 rRNA |
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Metagenomic sequencing
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Sequence every gene in the microbial community
-Reveals biological functions of an entire community -Collection of functions microbes provide that's important for health |
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Human Microbiome Project (HMP)
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Generate resources to enable the comprehensive characterization of the human micro biome and analysis of its role in human health
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Vertical transmission
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Microbiome transmission from mother to child:1) Vaginal passage2) Contact with the skin3) breastfeeding4) Oral pre-matication
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Hygiene hypothesis
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The theory that we live too cleanly
-Over the past 50 years incidence of infectious disease have steadily decreased -At the same time incidence of immune diseases have skyrocketed |
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Dysbiosis
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Imblanace of microbiota due to environmental changes
E.g. Streptococcus mutans overgrowth due to high carbohydrate intake |
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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)
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Replacing the microbiota of C.Dif patients with that of a healthy donor
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Probiotics
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Live microorganisms that promote health and growth to the host
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Prebiotics
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A selectively fermented ingredient that results in specific changes, both in composition and activity of the gut microbiota
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Synbiotics
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Combining prebiotic and probiotic approaches to allow for duel benefits
-Enhance probiotic survival with prebiotic |
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Gnotobiotic
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-Microbiologically monitored environment or animal that is germ free
or -Environment where or animal in which identities of all microbiota are known |
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Conventionalization
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Method in which germ-free animals are inoculated with gut microbiota to populate the GI tract
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