Lecture 14: Airborne Bacterial Diseases

Front 1

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

Back 1

throat, nose, sinuses, middle ear, eustachian tubes

Front 2

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

Back 2

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

Front 3

Diseases can be found in the ___and ____ respiratory tract. Sometimes these tracts could be connected. Disease could start in uppper, go to lower if not treated

Back 3

upper
lower

Front 4

Pathogen can be spread through the air over a distance of more than a ___

Back 4

meter
(3' distance)

Front 5

What are the three main types of airborne transmission?

Back 5

- From an infected person to a susceptible person by coughing or sneezing or even just talking (pathogen attached to mucus or saliva)

- From dust contaminated with a pathogen to a susceptible person

- From aerosols of water (air conditioning systems, sprays, etc)

Front 6

Streptococci can be classified by what two systems?

Back 6

1) based on hemolytic properties (how break red blood cells)
2) cell wall carbohydrate

Front 7

What are the three types of hemolytic groups?

Back 7

á (alpha)
â (beta)
ã (gamma)

Front 8

What are the hemolytic properties of alpha-hemolytic streptococci?

Back 8

partial destruction- olive green cells

Front 9

What are the hemolytic properties of beta-hemolytic streptococci?

Back 9

complete destruction- clear zone around cells

Front 10

What are the hemolytic properties of gamma-hemolytic streptococci?

Back 10

no effect- no change

Front 11

Variants of a specific carbohydrate, the C substance, is used to classify streptococci. Groups A through ____ have been distinguished

Back 11

S

(used to be O)

Front 12

What is the worst streptococci for humans?

Back 12

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci are worst for humans

Front 13

WHat are some diseases streptococci can cause?

Back 13

strep throat
scarlet fever
flesh eating disease

Front 14

What is the causing agent of strep throat?

Back 14

Streptococcus pyogenes, G+ cocci
Group A

Front 15

How is strep throat transmitted?

Back 15

airborne droplets
(talk, cough, sneeze)

Front 16

What are the symptoms of Strep Throat?

Back 16

*Red pharyngeal tissues from tissue erosion*

-high fever, coughing, swollen lymph nodes
-usually no runny nose

Front 17

The pathogenicity of S. pyogenes is enhanced by a substance called ____.

Back 17

M protein

Front 18

M protein is an adhesin protein anchored in the cell wall and ____. It adheres to _____ and retards ____

Back 18

pili

pharyngeal tissues

phagocytosis

Front 19

There are over 60 different types of M protein, making ______ to streptococcal disease difficult

Back 19

complete immunity

- you can get strep throat again. most likely with a different M protein

Front 20

What are six possible complications of STrep Throat?

Back 20

1) scarlet fever
2) erysipelas
3) rheumatic fever
4) glomerulonephritis
5) necrotizing fascitis
6) septicemia (end pt of most diseases. blood infection, very serious)

Front 21

Scarlet fever is strep throat accompanied by a ____

Back 21

skin rash

Front 22

Certain strains of S. pyogenes carry _______

Back 22

lysogenized bacteriophage

Front 23

Certain strains of S. pyogenes carry lysogenized bacteriophage. The bacteriophage encodes ________

Back 23

erythrogenic toxin

Erythrogenic toxin is produced only by strains of S. pyogenes that carry a prophage that encodes the toxin.

Front 24

If you have scarlet fever, a rash shows up where?

Back 24

in soft skin areas of mouth, neck, chest

Front 25

the red rash of scarlet fever is caused by blood leaking through walls of _______damaged by _____

Back 25

capillaries
toxin

Front 26

What is an acute infection of the dermal layer called?

Back 26

erysipelas

Front 27

What is a characteristic sign of Erysipelas?

Back 27

painful reddish patches recur periodically at the same body site

Front 28

Who does erysipelas mainly affect?

Back 28

Primarily in infants or people >30 with a history of strep throat

Front 29

An important complication of streptococcal disease is rheumatic Fever. This condition is caused by?

Back 29

immune response to STreptococcus surface antigens

antibodies from immune response cross-react with antigens on human heart, joints, and kidneys

Front 30

Rheumatic fever is caused from the immune response to STreptococcus surface antigens. Antibodies from immune response ____ with antigens on human heart, joints, and kidneys

Back 30

cross-react

Front 31

Rheumatic fever is characterized by what?

Back 31

*scarring and distortion of heart valves*
fever
inflammation

Front 32

What is the condition when there is pain and inflamation in the kidneys?

Back 32

Glomerulonephritis

Front 33

How is glomerulonephritis caused?

Back 33

Results when Ag-Ab complexes get lodged in the glomeruli

Front 34

What is the disease associated with the dissolving of flesh?

Back 34

Necrotizing fascitis

Front 35

What causes necrotizing fascitis?

Back 35

Caused by streptococcal infection of sheath (fascia) covering the skeletal muscles

Front 36

What is the characteristic sign of necrotizing fascitis?

Back 36

extensive destruction of subcutaneous tissue by ‘flesh-eating’ bacteria

Front 37

What is the name of the gram positive rod with metachromatic granules?

Back 37

Corynebacterium diptheriae
- shaped like a club

Front 38

Corynebacterium diptheriae remains _____ after division

Back 38

partially attached

Front 39

What does corynebacterium diptheriae look like?

Back 39

angular (like Chinese characters) or palisade formation-side by side

Front 40

How is diptheria transmitted?

Back 40

inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected person into the upper respiratory tract near the tonsils

Front 41

Diptheria. Pathogenicity. An exotoxin encoded by the bacteriophage _______ interferes with protein synthesis in epithelial cells

Back 41

lysogenic corynephage

Front 42

The bacteria produce a potent ____that inhibits protein synthesis in epithelial cells. It is encoded by lysogenic corynephage.

Back 42

exotoxin

Front 43

In diptheria, what is the pseudomembrane made up of?

Back 43

mucus
WBC
dead tissue
fibrous material results in respiratory blockage

Front 44

What do you treat diptheria with?

Back 44

antitoxin and antibiotics

Front 45

What do you vaccinate a person with to prevent diptheria?

Back 45

DTaP- diptheria toxoid

Front 46

What does a toxoid consist of?

Back 46

formaldehyde + toxin

A toxoid consists of toxin molecules treated with formaldehyde or heat to destroy their toxic qualitites.

Front 47

Pertussis is also known as?

Back 47

whooping cough

Front 48

What is the causing agent of pertussis?

Back 48

Bordetella pertussis, a G- rod

Front 49

How is pertussis transmitted?

Back 49

Transmitted by airborne droplets that use pili to adhere to cilia of epithelial cells.

Front 50

What happens when airborne droplets use pili to adhere to cilia of epithelial cells?

Back 50

Ciliated cells are destroyed and mucusoal escalator impaired

Front 51

What are the 3 stages of symptoms of pertussis?

Back 51

1) Malaise, low-grade fever, worsening cough

2) Paroxysms- staccato coughs with rapid inhale resulting from disintegrating cells and mucus accumulating in the airways

3) 100-day cough

Front 52

What vaccine is used to prevent pertussis?

Back 52

acellular pertussis, chemical extracts (less risky than whole organism), dTaP

Front 53

The term meningitis refers to several diseases of the meninges. What are meninges?

Back 53

3 membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Front 54

What is the causing agent of meningitis?

Back 54

Neisseria meningitidis, G- encapsulated diplococcus

Front 55

What happens after Neisseria meningitidis by airborne droplets enters the body?

Back 55

bacterial endotoxins spread into blood stream and CSF (cerebral spinal fluids) causing shock. Death may result in about two hours.

Front 56

If you have a mild case of meningitis, what are the symptoms?

Back 56

influenza-like upper respiratory infection

Front 57

If you have a serious case of meningitis, what are the symptoms?

Back 57

pounding headache and stiff neck due to inflammation of meninges. Rash (red to blue-black spots called petechiae) will also appear. 50% untreated cases may be fatal.

Front 58

The rash, a symptm of severe meningitis, is red to blue-black spots called ___

Back 58

petechiae

Front 59

How do you diagnose meningitis?

Back 59

diagnose with spinal tap

Front 60

How do you treat meningitis?

Back 60

rifampin, penicillin, or sulfonamide drugs. Rifampin used as a prophylactic antibiotic when exposure has occurred.

Front 61

Besides Neisseria meningitidis, what else can cause meningitis?

Back 61

viruses and Haemophilus influenzae B

Front 62

What is the causing agent of tuberculosis?

Back 62

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 63

In developing countries, more deaths occur from _____ than from any other bacterial disease

Back 63

tuberculosis

Front 64

Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the respiratory tract in aerosolized droplets, usually through _____

Back 64

multiple exposures

Front 65

After M. tuberculosis is inhaled into the lungs through multiple exposures, it enters the ____

Back 65

aveolus

Front 66

10% of the ppl infected with tuberculosis becomes ill in 3 months. What are the symptoms?

Back 66

*blood in sputum*
cough, chest pain, fever

Front 67

90% of the ppl infected with tuberculosis have what symptoms?

Back 67

fever and weight loss (no real symptoms)

Front 68

The 90% of the people who have mild symptoms respond to the disease by forming a wall of white blood cells, salts, and fibrous materials around the bacilli. As these materials accumulate in the lung, a hard nodule called a _____arises

Back 68

tubercle

Front 69

THe tubercle may be visible by ___

Back 69

X-ray

Front 70

What happens if the tubercle breaks apart?

Back 70

bacteria spreads to other organs such as the liver, kidneys, meninges, and bone.

Front 71

If the tubercle breaks and spreads o other organs, the tuberculosis is now called ___

Back 71

miliary tuberculosis

Front 72

Tubercle bacilli produce no toxins, but there is such rapid growth that the tissues are literally consumed, a factor that gave tuberculosis its alternate name, ____

Back 72

consumption

Front 73

What test is used for tuberculosis?

Back 73

PPD test

Front 74

What does PPD stand for?

Back 74

purified protein derivative test

Front 75

MDR-TB is a new threat. why?

Back 75

It is multi-drug resistant

Front 76

What do you treat tuberculosis with?

Back 76

isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol

Front 77

Pneumonia is a microbial disease of the _____ and ____

Back 77

bronchial tubes and lungs

Front 78

Over 80% of bacterial cases are due to 80 different strains of ______

Back 78

Streptococcus pneumoniae, a G+ encapsulated diplococci

Front 79

describe streptococcus pneumoniae

Back 79

G+ encapsulated diplococci

Front 80

How is pneumococcal pneumonia transmitted?

Back 80

transmitted by airborne droplets

Front 81

What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?

Back 81

fever, fatigue, dry, hacking cough

Front 82

Who is affected by penumococcal pneumonia?

Back 82

only compromised affected- elderly, malnourished, smokers, viral-infected, immune-suppressed

Front 83

Why is penumococcal pneumonia a secondary disease?

Back 83

only compromised affected

Front 84

What is one of the smallest bacteria to cause human disease?

Back 84

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 85

What is the causing agent of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?

Back 85

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 86

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no ____

Back 86

cell wall

Front 87

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no cell wall. It is ____; that is, they assume a variety of shapes

Back 87

pleomorphic

Front 88

Primary Atypical Pneumonia is a primary disease because ___

Back 88

it occurs in healthy ppl

Front 89

What are the symptoms of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?

Back 89

Fever, dry hacking cough, fatigue

Front 90

Pathogenicity- it attaches to and destorys ____

Back 90

ciliated cells lining respiratory tract

Front 91

Where are epidemics of primary atypical pneumonia usually found?

Back 91

in crowded places

Front 92

What is primary atypical pneumonia treated with and not treated with?

Back 92

treated with erythromycin, tetracycline (blocks protein synthesis), but not penicillin because no cell wall (no peptidoglycan synthesis)

Front 93

What are primary atypical pneumonia's symptoms similar with?

Back 93

psittacosis

Front 94

psittacosis is caused by?

Back 94

(Chlamydiae psittaci)

Front 95

What is the bird disease transmissible to humans through dried droppings/dust?

Back 95

psittacosis (Chlamydiae psittaci)

Front 96

In 1976, there was an outbreak amongst Legionnaires at a conference in Philadelphia. 34 ppl died. Legionnaire's Disease is caused by what?

Back 96

Legionella pneumophila, G- rod

Front 97

Legionella pneumophila exists where?

Back 97

exists where water collects- air conditioners, puddles, humidifiers.

Front 98

How is Legionella pneumophila transmitted?

Back 98

aerosolized droplets into the respiratory tract. person-to-person transmission is uncommon

Front 99

What are the symptoms of Legionella pneumophila?

Back 99

Fever, dry cough, diarrhea and vomiting

Front 100

What do you treat a patient with Legionella pneumophila with?

Back 100

erythromycin

Front 101

What do you treat a water source with LEgionella pneumophila with?

Back 101

chlorine or heat

Front 102

Legionella cannot exist in water alone (fastidious). It actually grows inside _____

Back 102

waterborne protozoa (like a parasite)

Front 103

What are the three ways to prevent airborne diseaseS?

Back 103

1) Eradication or control of source
2) Block access of pathogen to susceptible individuals
3) vaccination

Front 104

2 pts about eradication or control of source:
1) _____of contaminated materials
2) ____of patients

Back 104

disposal
confinement

Front 105

2 pts of blocking access of pathogen to susceptible individuals.

1) Wear ___and ____
2) Employ ______ and other therapies to reduce coughing and sneezing

Back 105

masks and goggles

antimicrobial therapies