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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) |
is a brain injury that can cause physical, intellectual, emotional, and social changes |
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TBI |
can come from closed, blunt trauma injuries or open penetrating injuries |
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Soldiers frequently suffer from |
TBI when they are in an area of an explosion from the shock wave of the blast - since it does not always cause a visible injury it is often overlooked |
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Epidural hemotoma |
comes from an injury to the meningeal vein or dural sinus - can cause herniation through the tentorial notch |
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Subdural hematoma |
are usually located at the top of the skull - they can be acute or subacute - they are slow developing - they are expanding masses that increase intracranial pressure and can also cause a brain herniation |
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Intracerebral hematoma |
are associated with shearing forces from contusions usually located in the frontal and temporal lobes - expanding mass cause increased ICP and compression of brain tissue and resultant edema |
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Spinal cord injuries can be caused |
by MVA, sports injuries, violence, and falls - loss of motor and sensory function depends on the level of the injury |
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Paraplegia |
is paralysis involving the lower half of the body |
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Quadriplagia |
involves all four limbs and is usually at or above C-6 |
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Spinal shock |
usually occurs at or below the level of the injury causing loss of reflex, paralysis and flaccidity, loss of sensation, loss of temperature control, loss of bladder and bowel control, drop in blood pressure - it last 7 days to 3 months |
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What happens when spinal shock terminates |
there is hyperreflexia, spacticity, and reflex emptying of the bladder |
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Low back pain |
is a common complaint with many causes, some idiopathic |
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Common causes of back pain |
are tumors, disk prolapse, bursitis, degenerative joint disease, inflammation, sprains, and referred pain |
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Herniated vertebral discs |
usually occur at L5-S1 and L4-5 - the nucleus pulposus extrudes compressing the nerve root and can even compress the spinal cord |
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The pain from a herniated disc |
tends to radiate along the sciatic nerve - it increases with straining, coughing, and sneezing - there is a loss of range of motion and loss of sensation along the dermatome |
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Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA or stroke) |
are primarily caused by ischemic events (thrombotic or embolic occlusion) or hemorrhagic events causing compression of adjacent brain tissue |
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Migraine headache |
is a benign recurring headache often provoked by a trigger |
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What can trigger a migraine headache |
stress, hunger, weather changes, sunlight, noise, smells, foods (red wine, cheese, chocolate), cyclic (menstral) hormone changes, and estrogen containing contraceptives |
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Migraine headaches often begin |
with an aura, are usually one sided, are associated with intolerance to light and sound, and end with fatigue |
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What are some of the new migraine treatments |
anti-seizure medicines |
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Cluster headache |
occur several in a day - etiology is not known |
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Tension headaches |
are the most common type of headache - may be related to contraction of jaw and neck muscles |
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Bacterial and viral meningitis |
are both associated with fever, lethargy, irritability, seizures, vomiting, and respiratory distress |
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What can cultures of CSF identify |
bacterial sources for meningitis |
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) |
is a disorder in which the myelin coating of the axons in the central nervous system degenerate (demyelinating) |
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Multiple Sclerosis occurs |
in females twice as often as males - age at onset is usually between 20 to 40 years |
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is caused by |
a genetic predispostion but the cause is some environmental factor encountered in early childhood, possibly a virus - T cells begin to attack the myelin - the demyelinating causes slowing of conductivity of the nerves |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
is a disease where there is degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons - it may be linked to a defect on chromosome 21 - the defective gene codes for an enzyme that destroys free radicals |
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ALS causes |
weakness in any or all of the muscles of the body - no mental, sensory, or autonomic symptoms are present - Stephen Hawking has this disease |
