Learning And Memory

Front 1

adaptability

Back 1

capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope wiht chaning circumstances

Front 2

learning

Back 2

realtively permamnent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Front 3

john lock and david hume

Back 3

learn of association- smell of bread, eat satisfying likings

Front 4

associative learning

Back 4

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (opernat conditioning)

Front 5

successful adaptation

Back 5

requires both nature (genetic predisposition) and nurture (a history of appropraite learning)

Front 6

conditioning

Back 6

process of learning

Front 7

operant conditioning

Back 7

learning to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

Front 8

observational learning

Back 8

learn from others' experiences and examples

Front 9

classical conditioning

Back 9

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipated and prepares for unconditioned stimulus (pavlovian or repondent conditioning)

Front 10

Ivan Pavlov

Back 10

pavlov's dog

Front 11

John B. Watson

Back 11

searched for laws underlying learning. urged colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, motives.

Front 12

observable behavior

Back 12

watson- psych should study how organisms repsond to stimuli in their environment- objectice science

Front 13

behaiorism

Back 13

the view that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior withouht reference to mental processes. (agree w/ 1 not 2 today)

Front 14

psychic secretions

Back 14

worked w/ the same dog repeatedly, the dog began salivating to stimuli associated w/ food

Front 15

neutral stimuli

Back 15

something the dog could see or hear- signaled the arrival of food, dog associates the 2 stimuli

Front 16

expectancy

Back 16

an awareness of how US will occurs
-thoughts count- not just simple CS-US assocation

Front 17

biological constraints

Back 17

an orgnaism's learning capacity
-similar in all animals
-natural response could be conditioned to any neutral stimulus
-animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its bio

Front 18

domjan

Back 18

conditioned stimuli have a natural association with the unconditioned stiumuli they predict
-learning enables animals to adapt to env.
-learning can be studied objectively

Front 19

watson

Back 19

human emotions and hevhior, though biologically influenced, mainly a bundle of cognitive resonses

Front 20

operant conditioning

Back 20

learning in which behavior is strengethend if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 21

respondent behavior

Back 21

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulusl skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

Front 22

operant behavior

Back 22

behavior that operates on the env., producing consequences

Front 23

skinner's behavioral technology

Back 23

revealed principles of behavior control
-taught pigeons to walk in figure 8, play ping-pong, keep missile on course by pecking at target screen

Front 24

operant chamber

Back 24

skinner box- containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to ontain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the anima's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Front 25

shaping

Back 25

operant- procedure reinforces guide behavior towards closer approximations of the desired behavior

Front 26

successive approximations

Back 26

reward response close to desired behavior and ignore all other responses

Front 27

discriminative influece

Back 27

signals that response will be reinforced

Front 28

reinforcement

Back 28

event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Front 29

positive reinforcement

Back 29

increasing behaviors by presenting postitive stimuli such as food.
-strengeths response

Front 30

negative reinforcement

Back 30

increasing behavior by stopping of reducing negative (aversive) stimuli, shock
-when removed after response, strengthens response

Front 31

primary reinforcer

Back 31

innately reinforcing stimulus-ex sataisfies biolgical needs

Front 32

conditioned reinforcers

Back 32

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

Front 33

continuous reinforcement

Back 33

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Front 34

partial (intermittent reinforcement

Back 34

reinforcing a response only part of the time; reults in slower acquisition of a response but greater resistence to extinction that does continuous reinforcement

Front 35

fixed-ration schedule

Back 35

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of reponses

Front 36

variable-ration schedules

Back 36

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Front 37

fixed-interval scheudle

Back 37

rreinforces a response only after a specified time has elpased

Front 38

variable-interval schedule

Back 38

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Front 39

punishment

Back 39

eent that decreased behavior that it follows

Front 40

cognitive map

Back 40

mental rep of the layout of one's env.

Front 41

latent learning

Back 41

learning becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

Front 42

intrinsic motivation

Back 42

desire to perform a behavior for its own sake-work and play for enjoyment

Front 43

extrinsic motivation

Back 43

a desire to performm a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Front 44

biological predispositions

Back 44

natural predispostions contain its capacity for operant conditions

Front 45

BF Skinner

Back 45

external influences shape behavir and by urging the use of operant principles to influence people's behavior

Front 46

observational learning

Back 46

learning by observing others

Front 47

modeling

Back 47

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Front 48

memes

Back 48

transmitted cultural elements

Front 49

mirror neurons

Back 49

frontal lobe neurons, adjacent to motor cortex, fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doin so.
-enables imitation, language learning, empathy

Front 50

theory of mind

Back 50

mirror neurons give rise to children's empathy and to thier ability to infer another's mental state

Front 51

prosocial

Back 51

positive, ocnstructive, helpful behavior

Front 52

misinformation effect

Back 52

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
-imagining nonexisistent actions and events creates false memories
-imagination inflation

Front 53

source amnesia
(misattribution)

Back 53

attributing to the wrong sources and event we have experienced, heard about, read, or imagined

Front 54

gist memories

Back 54

memories of imagined experiences are more restricted to the meanings and feelings we associate with it.

Front 55

recall

Back 55

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlies (fill-in the blank test)

Front 56

recognize

Back 56

meaures of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (mutliple choice)

Front 57

relearning

Back 57

memory meaurse that assess the amount of time saved when learning material for second time

Front 58

retreival cues

Back 58

anchor points used to access target information when want to retrieve it later

Front 59

priming

Back 59

activation, after uncounsciously, of particular assocations in memory

Front 60

deja vu

Back 60

eerie sense that you have experienced this before- from cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an eralier experience
-well-educated, young adults

Front 61

state dependent memory

Back 61

learn in one state more easily recall again in that same state

Front 62

mood-congruent memory

Back 62

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Front 63

adsent mindedness

Back 63

inattention to details procues encoding failures

Front 64

transience

Back 64

storage decay over time

Front 65

blocking

Back 65

inaccessibility of stored information

Front 66

tip of tongue

Back 66

experience retrieval failure

Front 67

misattribution

Back 67

confusing the source of inormation

Front 68

suggestibilty

Back 68

lingering effects of misforutne

Front 69

bias

Back 69

belief-colored recollects

Front 70

persistence

Back 70

unwanted memories

Front 71

forgetting curve

Back 71

much of what we learn may quickly forget

Front 72

proactive interference

Back 72

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info (old interferes w/ new)

Front 73

retroactive interference

Back 73

new learning on the recall of old info
-minimize by reducing number of interfering events

Front 74

positive transfer

Back 74

old and new info compete w/ eachother that interferene occurs

Front 75

repression

Back 75

psychoanalytic theory- defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, memories

Front 76

automatic processing

Back 76

unconscious encoding of incidental information, space, time, frequency

Front 77

space

Back 77

encode place on page where materical appears- visualize location later

Front 78

time

Back 78

unintentionally note the sequence of the day's events

Front 79

frequency

Back 79

efforlessly keep track of howm any times things happen

Front 80

effortful processing

Back 80

encoding that requires attention and conscious effor- greatest chance retaining

Front 81

rehearsal

Back 81

conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Front 82

next-in-line effect

Back 82

people go around a circle saying words or their names and attempt to remember them , they forget the names of those said reight before them
-focus on own performance and after fail to process last person's words
-info processed before sleep seldom remember

Front 83

spacing effect

Back 83

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study of practice

Front 84

serial position effect

Back 84

recall best the last and first items on list

Front 85

visual encoding

Back 85

encoding of picture images- least likely to remember

Front 86

acoustic encoding

Back 86

encoding of sound, words

Front 87

semantic encoding

Back 87

encoding of meaning,- most likely to remember

Front 88

self-reference effect

Back 88

forget how well certain adj describe someone else and forget, ask about ourselves remember well

Front 89

imagery

Back 89

mental picture; powerful aid to efforful processing, especially when combined with semantic endoing

Front 90

rosy retrospection

Back 90

recalling high points while forgetting mundane

Front 91

mnemonics

Back 91

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Front 92

chunking

Back 92

organizing items into familiar, manageable units- automatic

Front 93

acronyms

Back 93

encoding first letters to be remembered

Front 94

ichonic

Back 94

visual 1-2/10th second

Front 95

echoic

Back 95

auditiory 3-4 sec

Front 96

memory

Back 96

persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information

Front 97

flahsbulb memory

Back 97

clear memory of an emotionally significal moment or event

Front 98

encoding

Back 98

processing of info into memory system-extracting meaning

Front 99

storage

Back 99

retention of encoded info over time

Front 100

retrieval

Back 100

process of getting info out of memory storange

Front 101

three-stage principle

Back 101

for memories through 3 stages

Front 102

sensroy memory

Back 102

immediate, brief recoring of sensory info in memory system

Front 103

short-term meory

Back 103

actvated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a ohone mumber

Front 104

long=term memory

Back 104

relatively permamnet and limitless storehouse of the memory system- knowledge, skills, experiences

Front 105

working memory

Back 105

newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Front 106

central executing processor

Back 106

auditory and visual-spatial elements

Front 107

unconditioned response (UR_

Back 107

classical conditioning- unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Front 108

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 108

classical- stimulus that unconditionally- naturally or automatically- triggers a response

Front 109

conditioned response (CR)

Back 109

classical conditioning- learned response to a previously neutral (now conditinoned) stimulus

Front 110

conditioned stimulus

Back 110

classical- originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 111

conditional reflex

Back 111

salivation/ now CR

Front 112

acquisition

Back 112

initial stage in classical conditioning, pphase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. operant- strengthening reinforces a response

Front 113

extinction

Back 113

diminished responding that occurs when CS (tone) no longer signals an inmpending US (food)

-operant when response is no longer reinforced

Front 114

spontaneous recovery

Back 114

reapearrance of a weakened CR after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response- supressing it, not eliminating it

Front 115

generalization

Back 115

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for the stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
-adapticve
-dog conditioned to that tone will respond to similar tone

Front 116

discrimination

Back 116

learned ability to distiniguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not sigan an US

Front 117

cognitive processes

Back 117

thoguhts, perceptions, expectations

Front 118

iconic memory

Back 118

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that few tenths of a second

Front 119

echoic

Back 119

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3-4 seconds

Front 120

long term potential (LPT)

Back 120

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. neural basis for learning and memory

Front 121

amnesia

Back 121

loss of emory

Front 122

implicit memory

Back 122

retention independent of conscious recollection (procedural memory)

Front 123

explicit memory

Back 123

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (declarative memory)

Front 124

hippocampus

Back 124

a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage