Learning

Front 1

Which reinforcement schedule is most vulnerable to extinction?

Back 1

The smallest ratio, 1-10. (This is because with smaller ratios, the subjects more rapidly recognizes that reinforcement has stopped.)

Front 2

A therapist reinforces a child's reduction of theta amplitude by playing music whenever a training goal is met. How does the music aid EEG biofeedback training?

Back 2

Increasing motivation to perform. (Reinforcement is not required to learn a self-regulation skill. Secondary reinforcers like music aid learning by increasing impatience motivation to perform skills already acquired.)

Front 3

Steven reduce the number of cigarettes he smokes a day after developing a painful cough he attributed to smoking this illustrates the operant principle of

Back 3

Punishment. (Since the consequence is a "painful cough" that followed in operant behavior "smoking" decreased its frequency.)

Front 4

In both avoidance learning and escaping learning, coping behaviors are ________.

Back 4

Negatively reinforced. (These behaviors become more likely because they allow an individual to either avoid or escape an aversive event.)

Front 5

A process through which individuals learn to repeat behaviors that you a positive outcomes or permits them to avoid or Escape behaviors that yield negative outcomes.

Back 5

Operant conditioning

Front 6

Clients are awarded for closer and closer approximations of the target behavior. This is called _______.

Back 6

Shaping

Front 7

If the interaction with the stimulus object does not provide sufficient reward, _______occurs.

Back 7

Extinction

Front 8

This concept means that the reinforcement is not worth the effort.

Back 8

Ratio strain

Front 9

What reinforcement occurs when clients receive feedback in the form of the sound light or both when they exceed a given threshold?

Back 9

Dichotomous reinforcement

Hint 9

Superior to proportional when eyes open.

Front 10

Constant reinforcement of light and sound, it is ongoing in nature and informs the client of their performance based on pitch variance.

Back 10

Proportional reinforcement.

Hint 10

Proportional reinforcement Superior to dichotomous with eyes closed.

Front 11

Optimal training of alpha is_______.

Back 11

10 minutes.

Front 12

Optimal training of theta is______?

Back 12

20 to 30 minutes

Front 13

Subcortical system is responsible for and located where?

Back 13

Experience and memory of fearful stimuli that is independent of the cortical acquisition. And is driven by the amygdala.

Front 14

Systematic desensitization and alpha training

Back 14

Alpha training reduces arousal levels, when a fearful stimulus is internally present IE I thought image memory feeling it will be experienced as less fearful during Alpha training.

Front 15

When graduate is praised by the staff for his sobriety and success in increasing Alpha Theta amplitude. If the new patient increases efforts to learn to modify his own activity this is called _______.

Back 15

Vicarious reinforcement

Front 16

A skill like increasing beta amplitude is considered voluntary when it can be elicited by ___________.

Back 16

Instructions.

Front 17

An active placebo is ____________________.

Back 17

A placebo coupled with an ingredient that produces benign side effects.

Hint 17

This increases the placebos credibility and results in a higher success rate than observed with a standard placebo.

Front 18

If a patients reports of anxiety results in desired attention from family members, this could ____________ this symptom.

Back 18

Positively reinforce

Hint 18

Positive reinforcement occurs when a positive consequences (attention) of an operant behavior (anxiety complaints increases the frequency of that behavior

Front 19

When Susan increases SMR activity and decreases Theta activity following a prodrome to prevent a generalized seizure, this illustrates _________.

Back 19

Avoidance learning

Front 20

In both avoidance learning and Escape learning, coping behaviors are __________.

Back 20

Negatively reinforced

Hint 20

These behaviors become more likely because they allow an individual to either avoid or escape an aversive event.

Front 21

A dyslexic child increasingly reports stomach pain since this previously permitted escape from frustrating reading assignments. Which process is involved here?

Back 21

Negative reinforcement

Hint 21

Operant behaviors (pain complaints) that allow Escape or avoidance of aversive stimuli (reading homework) are negatively reinforced.

Front 22

Seligman's concept of learned helplessness, where patients stop trying to cope due to lack of success, can be best explained by the operant conditioning principles of ___________.

Back 22

Extinction

Front 23

Successful self-regulation of EEG is negatively reinforced by anxiety reduction illustrates _______.

Back 23

Escape learning

Front 24

Bob's muscle relaxation practice has progressed so that he can reduce muscle bracing at both the computer keyboard and when he is driving in rush-hour traffic. This illustrates the principle of ________.

Back 24

Generalization

Front 25

What is the learning process underlying the placebo response?

Back 25

Classical conditioning

Front 26

You have not complied with your patients attempt to schedule sessions in the evening when your office is closed. After two months of no rescheduling request, your patient repeatedly raises the issue. This pattern illustrates the phenomenon of __________.

Back 26

Spontaneous recovery

Front 27

Don practices healthy Computing exercises 15 minutes a day, five times a week. This pattern represents ___________practice.

Back 27

Spaced.

Hint 27

This is recommended for skill acquisition.

Front 28

Steven reduce the number of cigarettes he smokes a day after developing a painful cough he attributed to smoking. This illustrates the principle of ______________?

Back 28

Punishment

Front 29

___________ is the reinforcement of successive approximations of a Target Behavior such as increased Theta amplitude.

Back 29

Shaping

Front 30

When we reduce the frequency of feedback a biofeedback patient receives, this is analogous to the operant conditioning procedure of _____________?

Back 30

Fading

Front 31

A computer-based EEG biofeedback training system reveals increasing segments of a Scenic picture as a patient increases beta amplitude. The visual display provides ______________ reinforcement.

Back 31

Secondary

Front 32

A patient stops practicing visualization at home because her chronic anxiety has not improved. This best illustrates the concept of _____________.

Back 32

Extinction

Front 33

According to the Premack principle, is it possible to train an animal to drink more water by giving it food as reinforcement for drinking?

Back 33

Yes, but only possible when the animal would spend more time eating and drinking.

Hint 33

The premack principle requires that you reinforce one Behavior with a more reinforcing behavior. For example, a parent might allow one hour of online gaming for every 4 hours of studying.

Front 34

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound in itialy, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example the unconditioned response is ___________.

Back 34

Waking up to your alarm

Hint 34

Alarm (US) waking up to the alarm (UR) clicks (CS) waking up in response to the clicks (CAR)

Front 35

_________ _________ is an increase in responding after a delay following extinction.

Back 35

Spontaneous recovery

Front 36

A dog drools saliva whenever he hears the doggy snacks covered open. Which is the CS and UCS?

Back 36

The sound of the cupboard is the CS. The doggy snacks are the UCS. The CS predicts the UCS, resulting in the CR of drooling.

Front 37

You can teach ___________ by delivering reinforcement after one stimulus (tone), but not after another.

Back 37

Discrimination

Front 38

Behaviorists believe that ______________.

Back 38

Every behavior is caused or determined through processes that can be scientifically studied.

Front 39

Classical condition applies primarily to _________ responses; operant conditioning applies primarily to __________responses.

Back 39

Visceral; skeletal

Front 40

Hey slow but steady rate of responding is most characteristic of behavior reinforced on a _____________schedule.

Back 40

Variable interval

Front 41

A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

Back 41

Variable interval

Front 42

A group of people has learned to blink their eyes whenever they see a flashing blue light, because for the last hour that flashing blue light has always been followed by a puff of air to their eyes. If we want to test for the possibility of stimulus generalization, what procedure should we follow?

Back 42

Present a flashing green light

Hint 42

The flashing green light test whether a different hue CS will elicit the CR. If this happens, then there is stimulus generalization.

Front 43

In operant conditioning, unlike classical conditioning the ______________________.

Back 43

Individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment).

Hint 43

In classical conditioning, the individual reflexively response to a stimulus.

Front 44

Pavlov believed that presenting the Cs at nearly the same time as the UCS caused a connection in the brain to form so that the animal treated the see us as if it were the UCS. Psychologist today believe that the animal ________________.

Back 44

Uses the Cs as a predictor that the UCS is coming.

Front 45

A secondary reinforcer _____________________.

Back 45

Gains its value from association with a primary reinforcer

Hint 45

For example, a grandmother's smile may be a secondary reinforcer because it is associated with freshly baked cookies (primary reinforcer).

Front 46

Punishment is most likely to produce a long-lasting suppression of a behavior if ______________________.

Back 46

The individual has an alternative response available to produce the reinforcement.

Front 47

You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by all insects. You are displaying ____________.

Back 47

Stimulus generalization.

Front 48

After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting a conditioned stimulus by itself. Which of the following is likely to occur?

Back 48

Extinction

Hint 48

Extinction of a CR occurs when it is no longer followed by a UCS. When this happens, the CS no longer predicts the UCS.

Front 49

In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the buzzer was the _________.

Back 49

Conditioned stimulus.

Front 50

Neurophysiological Arousal Model

Back 50

Barry Sterman. Joe Lubar. Margaret Ayers.

Front 51

Regrading the context

Back 51

Operant conditioning is not as simple with humans due to expectations.