Lbst Test Iii

Front 1

What is scrofula?

Back 1

name used for TB in the Middle Ages

Front 2

What is the infectious agent of tuberculosis?

Back 2

BACTERIA
mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 3

Domestication of TB:

Back 3

originally thought to be bacteria found in cattle (people got TB from drinking unpasteurized milk)

Today TB is airborne

Front 4

Tuberculosis Mode of Transmission

Back 4

Airborne
(coughing, bacteria attaches to moisture droplets and gets inhaled)

close contact

Front 5

When was the earliest case of TB ever?

Back 5

2400 B.C. in a mummy

Front 6

What was the first evidence of TB in the New World?

Back 6

100 A.D.

Front 7

What percent of people exposed to TB get active TB infection?

Back 7

10%

5% within 2 years
5% later than 2 years

Front 8

Symptoms of Pulmonary symptoms:

Back 8

Prolonged cough
Fever
Fatigue
Night sweats
Coughing up blood
Weight loss

Front 9

What percent of people die from Pulmonary TB without treatment?

Back 9

50%

Front 10

What are the two ways you can get active TB infection?

Back 10

initially infected with active TB because immune system is weak

initially get latent then later develop active because immune system is weakened later and then develop active

Front 11

Symptoms for Latent TB

Back 11

No symptoms but still infected

Front 12

When you have latent TB are you infectious?

Back 12

no, bacteria is dormant

immune system must be strong initially to get latent without going straight into active

Front 13

Phthisis

Back 13

greek name for TB

Front 14

Predisposing factors for TB

Back 14

Nutrition
Immune Function
Genetics- 10 times more likely with a certain gene
Stress- mental and physical
Alcohol and drugs

(all affect immune system)

Front 15

Consumption

Back 15

name that our grandparents used for TB.

being "consumed" by the disease

Front 16

Sanatoriums

Back 16

resort-like hospitals for TB patients

some were cured of active TB because treatments strengthened immune system and they developed latent TB

Front 17

Streptomycin

Back 17

Antibiotic discovered in 1944
(man won Nobel Prize)

very effective at first, but eventually TB developed a resistance to it.

Front 18

Para-Amino Salicylic Acid
(PAS)

Back 18

combo with Streptomycin

No resistance because of Multi-Drug therapy

Front 19

Latent TB Treatments

Back 19

preventative treatments

Front 20

Active TB Treatments

Back 20

brief hospital stay
multi-drug therapy
not infectious after a few weeks
lasts 9-18 months

Front 21

Southern Africa TB in 1900's

Back 21

1900's TB was rare
infected mainly white males and sometimes blacks who work close with white males

Front 22

Southern Africa TB in 1920's

Back 22

TB is epidemic among Black south Africans ONLY (killed many)

Front 23

Mining & TB

Back 23

black labor
Europeans set up mining compounds in Southern Africa.
URBANIZATION
Workers worked long shifts which caused stress
Mining was temporary job for blacks (alot of money fast)
poor housing for blacks which weakened immune system and close contact w/ others
poor nutrition- unhealthy food was cheap
most people developed active TB
some developed latent TB

Front 24

Hut Taxes (TB)

Back 24

Blacks were forced to pay taxes on every hut they owned, so they downsized which helped to spread TB

Front 25

Cattle and TB

Back 25

cattle died from TB and blacks began to grow food that whites would buy, not food that was healthy

Front 26

Kaposi Sarcoma (HIV)

Back 26

usually a disease of older males
agressive and benign

Front 27

Education in Australia (HIV)

Back 27

because they are more educated, they have a .2 prevalence

before they graduate high school they have to demonstrate how to correctly put on a condom

Front 28

HIV Facts and Figures for NC

Back 28

Mecklenburg County has the highest rates (41.5 in every 100,000 people)

19.3 per 100,000 people in NC

957 new diagnoses of AIDS in people with HIV

1,710 new diagnoses of HIV disease

Front 29

HIV Early timeline

Back 29

1981- Pneumonia type usually in elderly man

Woman filling prescriptions for pneumonia realized that the prescriptions were being refilled when they should not have to be.

People getting refills were young gay males

Front 30

GRID
(HIV)

Back 30

Gay Related Immune Disorder
(name used to describe disease)

Front 31

Opportunistic Disease (HIV)

Back 31

If you have a healthy immune system, you will not get the disease.

If your immune system is weak, then you can get the diseases that are not common like pneumocytosis and KS

Front 32

Types of HIV

Back 32

HIV-1
HIV-2

Front 33

HIV-1

Back 33

most virulent
easily transmitted
most infections
more infectious
immune system deteriorates faster
most common throughout world

Front 34

HIV-2

Back 34

slower and milder
generally found in Western Africa

Front 35

HIV-1 and HIV-2 similarities

Back 35

both are spread the same way and affect the body the same way and both kill you without treatment

Front 36

Earliest HIV case in the world

Back 36

1959- blood sample from male in Kinshasa

Front 37

Earliest HIV case in the U.S.

Back 37

1969- girl in St. Louis

Front 38

When is HIV believed to have started?

Back 38

the 40's or 50's

Front 39

Origin of HIV-1:

Back 39

SIV (Simian Immunodeficiancy Virus) infects primates

chimp SIV- chimp eats two monkeys
Monkey strain of SIV mutates and creates a strain that can infect humans

Front 40

Origin of HIV-2:

Back 40

Sootey Mangabey

People were hunting bush meat
and ate them
Slaughtering was bloody process and no one wore goves
any cuts or abrasions served as entrances for HIV

Front 41

HIV transmission

Back 41

four fluids that transmit HIV
Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk

Front 42

HIV 3 Routes of Transmission

Back 42

Sexually- anal, vaginal, or oral
Usually semen or vaginal fluid
(sometimes blood)

Anal has highest risk of exposure, then vaginal and oral

STD's increase risk

Front 43

HIV Symptoms
(Primary)

Back 43

Primary Infections
Exposure- unprotected sex
Flu-like symptoms- aches, fatigue, fever
Seroconversion- virus is replicating

Front 44

HIV Symptoms
(Clinical Latency)

Back 44

Immune defense
no symtoms
low levels of virus
2 weeks to 20 years
average: 10 years

Front 45

HIV Symptoms
(AIDS)

Back 45

CD4+ count or opportunistic infection
count cells that are impacted by disease
opportunists infections

Front 46

Regional HIV trends in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 46

Southern Africa- highest rates, increasing, home to over 30% HIV victims (Swaziland has highest rates-1 in 4)

Eastern Africa- 2nd worst region (decreasing)

Central Africa- 4-8%, decreasing infection

Western Africa- varied

Front 47

ABC's campaign in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 47

A- abstinence
B- be faithful (monogamous)
C- Condoms

Front 48

Generalized Epidemic

Back 48

No specific group that suffers more
Risk of being HIV positive is spread throughout society

Front 49

HIV transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 49

Heterosexual transmission
Mother to child transmission
Contaminated needles and blood

Front 50

Dry sex

Back 50

insert powders into vagina for preference of the male- causes friction and tearing, increased rates of transmission
FEELS BETTER FOR MALES

Front 51

STD's in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 51

Untreated diseases because people do not have the means to care for STD's

Front 52

Vertical Transmission (HIV)

Back 52

mother-to-child
children become infected in utero
can cross placental barrier sometimes
Can get it through birthing or breast feeding
Women in U.S. are tested for HIV when pregnant, women in Africa are not

Front 53

HIV and Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 53

Life expectancy is decreasing because of HIV
Now at a level that predates the 1900's
33 years in some areas
Lowest in world- Swaziland

Front 54

HIV and population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 54

Negative population growth
-women have a harder time getting pregnant
-many people dying lowers growth

Front 55

HIV and Aging in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 55

Grandmother's disease
-because people dying from HIV there are less people to take care of the elderly. This is why HIV has been known to be called "grandmothers disease" because elderly begin to have to take care of young

Front 56

HIV and orphans in Sub-Saharan Africa

Back 56

10 million orphaned in Sub-Saharan Africa because of HIV
At risk for HIV
Tradition to adopt locally, not send to a random family

But there are so many orphans there are not enough people to adopt

Front 57

Asian Flu

Back 57

1957-58
Killed 70,000 Americans (1-4 million worldwide)

Front 58

Hong Kong Flu

Back 58

34,000 deaths in U.S. (1968-69) killed 1 million worldwide

Front 59

Types of Influenza

Back 59

C: Mild/ no symptoms, no epidemic (unique to humans)
B: Sparadic outbreaks- feel sick
A: Regular outbreaks- type that causes pandemics (can affect animals)

Front 60

Hemoglutinin

Back 60

16 subtypes, 3 in humans
enters cells, copy cells, and replicates. Binds with surface and enters cells

Front 61

Neuraminidase

Back 61

leave cell
9 subtypes
4 in humans

Front 62

Antigenic shift

Back 62

when there is a sudden and significant shift in HA or NA subtypes
-structural
-cycling
-change in host

Front 63

Antigenic drift

Back 63

constant point mutations of HA and NA that eventually leads to new strains

Front 64

Flu vaccine

Back 64

shots and inhaled

Front 65

Origin of Flu

Back 65

Italy, 15th Century
"Influenza de freddo"
Influenza= influence

Front 66

Flu Infectious Agent

Back 66

Influenza virus

Front 67

Flu mode of transmission

Back 67

airborne and fomites

Front 68

Flu and Infecting others

Back 68

contagious 1 day before showing symptoms and 5 days afterward

Front 69

Flu Symptoms

Back 69

Respiratory, aches and pains, fever, stomach, flu season

Front 70

When do people usually get the flu?

Back 70

winter

Front 71

2 hemispheres=2 winters=2 flu seasons

WHY?

Back 71

indoors, expelling virus, increased survival, travel

Front 72

Zoonosis

Back 72

a disease jumps from animals to humans

Front 73

Reservoir for flu

Back 73

aquatic birds (usually harmless)
fecal matter
saliva and nasal secretion

Front 74

Flu vaccine

Back 74

shots contain killed virus
inhaled contains live virus

Front 75

Swine Flu

Back 75

1976 recruited soldier at Fort Dix had strain that was supposed to only be in pigs and 500 soldiers w/ antibodies for flu still got this type of flu.

Front 76

Pig-Chicken Connection

Back 76

In China flu was very common because there it is very populated and they live with chickens and pigs that can carry it.

Front 77

Genetic Reassortment

Back 77

the rearrangement of genes from two distinct influenza strains to produce a novel viral strain

Front 78

Transmissible Spongiform Encepharopathy (TSE)

Back 78

progressive degeneration of brain and nervous system
-some TSE's can cross the placental barrier
-very long incubation period
-experience personality and cognitive changes
-problems with movement

Front 79

Fore

Back 79

Ethnic group who Australian gov't marched through
-Being decimated by Kuru
FORE GET KURU

Front 80

Kuru

Back 80

symptoms
-Trembling/fear
Kuru=Fatal Neurological Disorder
--Ambulatory stage (1st stage)
can still walk
small issues
--Sedentary stage
falling over laughing, more severe
involuntary laughing and crying
within 1 or 1.5 years

Front 81

Kuru infectious agent

Back 81

prion

Front 82

Impact of Kuru on Fore Society

Back 82

1 in 8 in 11 year time period; population of 8,000
-Gender bias
marriage patterns
gender roles

Front 83

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopath

Back 83

BSE, mad cow disease
temperament chance
-trouble rising and walking
Animal feed- grinded up sick animals
detected in Britain 1980's

Front 84

BSE Outbreak

Back 84

--UK
1986
1993: 1,000 cases per week in cows
184,000 cows died

--US
Dec 2003
Jun 2005
March 2006

Front 85

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
(Humans)

Back 85

Happens when people eat cows with BSE (not common)
Other way more common
vCJD- survival 4 months
UK in 1996
Earlier onset (29)- usually elderly

Front 86

describe the discovery of penicillin

Back 86

scientist leaves an unclean dish w/ bacteria and a mold develops. This mold kills the bacteria and prevent bacteria from dividing and multiplying

Front 87

What percent of the world is infected with TB?

Back 87

1/3

Front 88

DOTS

Back 88

Directly Observed Therapy
If nurses make sure their patients swallow all of their medicine

Front 89

Peruvian Gov't Treatment of TB

Back 89

Toxic drugs that are too expensive even though the side effects of the drug were very bad, at least people would be disease free

Front 90

Partners in Health and Treatment of TB

Back 90

combination of experimental drugs from boston and by carrying them through airports

Front 91

Partners in Health success with treating TB

Back 91

85% treated were cured

Front 92

what is MRSA?

Back 92

multi-drug resistant strains of staph infections

Front 93

Fort Riley in 1918

Back 93

soldiers burned tons of manure, a think smoke arose turning the sun black
48 soldiers died of pneumonia

Front 94

In the beginning of the outbreak in 1918, how did the flu spread?

Back 94

the war

Front 95

How did people attempt to prevent getting the flu in 1918?

Back 95

wearing mask, but didn't work because masks were porous

Front 96

What was the deadliest month of flu in 1918?

Back 96

October

Front 97

When did the flu end in 1918?

Back 97

November because there was no one left to infect

Front 98

Death toll from flu outbreak in 1918

Back 98

at least 30 million

Front 99

What is the Kikwit handshake?
(Ebola)

Back 99

elbow to elbow to minimize contact

Front 100

Ebola outbreak Kikwit:

Back 100

1995

Front 101

Where is ebola found in humans?

Back 101

tears, blood, skin surface

Front 102

Symptoms of Ebola

Back 102

massive bleeding inside and out
death within 10 days

Front 103

What happened pharmacy employees in Marburg Germany?

Back 103

workers began getting a rash and skin began to peel
eyes filled with blood
faces fixed
vomiting black fluid
GOT IT FROM HANDLING AFRICAN MONKEY BLOOD

Front 104

Ebola chain of death

Back 104

starts in one person, follows chain into people in close contact.

to break chain, must separate people from who they are close with

Front 105

Where does ebola come from?

Back 105

rainforest monkeys, insects, rats

Front 106

Who is patient zero for ebola?

Back 106

Gasper Menga- charcoal worker
(4 months before outbreak)
connected it to all later cases

Front 107

Ebola education campaign and negative effects:

Back 107

some people abandon family members for fear of getting sick

Front 108

What is the survival rate for the ebola outbreak?

Back 108

1 in 5

Front 109

Treatment of nurse for Ebola in 1995:

Back 109

infused her blood with that of an Ebola surviver, but there were risks of other blood borne illnesses, so if she did not have ebola, she risked getting other diseases