Late Middle Ages

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1337-1453:

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Long Struggle between England and FranceWar with ScotlandThe Black DeathHeavy demand on the people ↓Growing alliance between the merchants and the gentryGrowing political influence

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Two kings murdered

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1327- Edward II,deposed by his wife, Isabella1399- Richard II ↓challenges to the authority of the crownIncrease the influence of the noblesScotland’s ‘Auld’ alliance with France

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1337-1453

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hundred years war

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Edward III

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– claimed for the French crown1328 no direct heir to the throne ( family relations)France began to interfere to England’s tradeGascony (imported wine to England – exported corn and clothes from EnglandBurgundy ( road to Flanders) ↓

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1337:

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Edward III declared war on FranceClaiming his right to the French Crown against Philip of Valois

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Victories for England

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more experienced English Army

Lightly armed, quick in move

Foot soldiers : Welsh Longbow – clouds of arrow

Artillery in siege of castles

↓The English army captured Northern France, Paris

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1346

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Crecy

Hint 7

Crecy

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1356

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PoitiersThe French king captured and imprisoned

Bought his freedom for £500000

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Treaty of Bretagne

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Edward III gave up his claim to the French CrownRe-established his position over areas held by EnglandThe French recognised Edward’s ownership in Aquitaine ( Gascony,) as well as Calais

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age of Chivalry

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Edward III and his son, the Black Prince Code of ChivalryThe perfect knight fight for his good nameServes God and the kingLegends of King Arthur’s Round Table

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1348

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: Order of the Garter 24 knightsMet on St. George’s day at Windsor Castle

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Chivalry

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persuaded men to fight by creating the Idea that WAR was noble and Just But in reality war = death, cruelty, destruction

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The Knights Code of Chivalry described in the Song of Roland

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To fear God and maintain His Church

To serve the liege lord in valour and faith

To protect the weak and defenceless

To give succour to widows and orphans

To refrain from the wanton giving of offence

To live by honour and for glory

To despise pecuniary reward

To fight for the welfare of allTo obey those placed in authority

To guard the honour of fellow knights

To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit

To keep faith At all times to speak the truth

To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun

To respect the honour of women

Never to refuse a challenge from an equal

Never to turn the back upon a foe

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1348-49 plague

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destroyed more than 1/3 of the population as well as animalsBefore the plague signs of overpopulation1300: population of England : 4 millionThe consequences of the plague:Shortage of working hands → more money for labourParliament tried to control wage increase (Statute of Labourers)Certain rates are fixed for named occupation firma agreement

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end of serfdom( jobbágyság)

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Smaller farmers – yeomen- rented much of the land

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Agricultural land production shrank

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14th century greater share from the agricultural economyReplacement of wool by finished clothes as main exportMany craftsmen settled down in England from Flanders

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peasant's rising 1381

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Edward III : wars with France and ScotlandGreat expensesThe Black DeathEnormous demands on merchants

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Richard II

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son of the Black Prince, grandson of Edward III

11 years old

Group of advisers

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reason of : Immediate revolt in KENT, East AngliaMaidstone, Canterbury(not in the poor areas)

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New tax – every person over the age of 152 years later the tax was reinforced1381: the tax was reinforced for the third timeThree times the previous amountThe lords tried to force the serfs back to serfdom↓

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Leaders of the uprising:

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John Ball – poor preacher

Wat Tyler – ”a crafty fellow of an excellent wit, but lacking grace”

The Motto: ”God had created all people equal”

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The rebels destroyed

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monasteriesBurnt records to testify their villain’s service

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June

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12th June the rebels reached London14th of June they met the King ( Richard II)Handed their petition:

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petition

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1. Abolition of serfdom

2. the King should give assurance that he would not prosecute or take any actions against the rebels

3. The freed serfs should be given the right to buy and sell free of tax, in all cities, boroughs, markets, fairs and other places

4. All services should be commuted at a maximum rate

5. The repeal of the Statute of Labourers

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The King Conceded everything

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Requested the people to return home

Later Wat Tyler was killed”…serf you are, and serfs you shall remain” King Richard

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The reasons of their defeat:

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The peasants were dispersed, not concentrated → could not unite

They hated the landlords but believed the king

The poor of the towns were not strong enough

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Richard II was deposed → two possible successors:

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Earl of March ( grandson of Edward’s 2nd son)

Henry of Lancaster (son of John Gaunt who was imprisoned by Richard)

↓

1399-1413: Henry IV

Strong monarchTried to establish his royal authority

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1413-1422: Henry V

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Son of Henry IV

Popular, intelligent

Peaceful situation at home

↓

Renewed fighting against the French

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1415

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Henry renewed claim to the French Throne

Agincourt

The English defeated the French army

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1417-1420

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Henry managed to capture most of Normandy

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1420

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Treaty of TroyesHenry was recognised as heir to the French throneMarried Katherine of Valois

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1422

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Henry died : his son Henry VI (11 months old) followed him

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John Duke of Bradfort

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(Henry’s brother) continued to enlarge the area under English control

But

Soon the French started to fight backWith the leadership of Joan d’Ark

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1435

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John Bedford died

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1453:

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Loss of Gascony

↓

The Hundred Years’ War was over

England lost everything except for Calais

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The war of roses - Henry VI

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King of England: 1422-1461,1470-1471

Disputed King of France: 1422 - 1453

Council of regents

Simple minded

Unable to control warlike nobles

Book loving, supporter of culture

e.g. King College, CambridgeEton College

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the war of roses

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England:

Lost war against France

Ruled by most powerful noble families

Who questioned the authority of the king

Large private armies

Nobles

Divided who to support

to remain loyal to Henry VI

or

to support the Duke of York (Lancastrians) (Yorkists)

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Lancastrians

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Henry IV

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Yorkists

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1460: Duke of York claimed the throne

1461: Edward IV

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1461

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: Edward IV claimed the throne

Put Henry VI in prison

9 years later the Lancastrians rescued him

Chaise Edward out of the country

He was supported by the merchants and

By the south east of England as the Yorkists supported trade

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1471

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Edward returned to England

Defeated the Lancastrians

Henry VI died (possibly murdered)

↓

Edward was safe on the throne

He was able to rule in relative peace for ten years

Despite the occasional rebellion of the Lancastrians

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1483

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Edward died

His son Edward V followed him→not old enough

His brother, Richard of Gloucester was too ambitious

↓

Richard put Edward’s sons into the

Tower

and murdered them

↓

He took the crown as Richard III

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Richard III: 1483-1484

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Most unpopular both by the Lancastrians & the Yorkists

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1485: Tudor Henry, duke of Richmond

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landed in England (from Wales)Challenged Richard, claimed the throne1485 Battle of Bosworth Henry defeated Richard Became king as Henry VII