Language Development 2

Front 1

transition to one word stage

Back 1

- starts with variegated babbling
- has intonation of adult speech
- consistent and meaningful use of PCFs

Front 2

phonetically consistent form

Back 2

infant sound productions that are used consistently and seem to refer to specific objects, but do not resemble conventional words

Front 3

one word stage

Back 3

aka holophrasic stage
- from 11 - 12 months until 18 months
- formed after use of daily verbal rituals, motherese, and parent's encouragement
- has elements of phonology, morphology, semantics and pragmatics, lacks syntax

Hint 3

- aka:
- age range:
- formation due to:
- has elements of:

Front 4

holophrase

Back 4

- one word sentences
- meaning expressed through intonation
- must consist of true words, not PCFs/vocables

Front 5

true words

Back 5

- must be used meaningfully and consistently
- must bear a phonetic resemblance to the adult term

Front 6

vocabulary at 18 months

Back 6

- consists over about 50 words
- about 60% are noun-like
- about 20% are verb-like (none are true verbs)
- about 10% are adjectives
- about 10% are social words

Hint 6

number of words/breakdown

Front 7

word categories

Back 7

- substantive words
- relational words
- attribution relational words

Front 8

substantive words

Back 8

- specific entities or classes that have shared perceptual or functional features
- refer to particular objects or class of objects
- usually nouns
- divided into agent/object/location/dative at two word stage

Hint 8

divided into:

Front 9

relational words

Back 9

- refer to relationship between words
- consists of grammatical words (e.g. in and on), action words and modifiers

Front 10

attribution relational words

Back 10

- mark attributes, characteristics and differences of similar objects
- rare in early utterances

Front 11

transition to two word stage

Back 11

- use of empty forms (non-meaningful utterances) in conjunction with true words
- duplication of single word utterances (mama mama)
- successive single-word utterances (intonational and stress pattern of two separate utterances, but relate in a meaningful way)

Front 12

two word stage

Back 12

- begins when two meaningful words are used together with appropriate intonation and without pausing
- word order is not fixed, meaning dictates sequence

Front 13

semantic-syntactic rules

Back 13

- based on case grammar
- semantic: word combination is based on meaning
- syntactic: words are sequenced

Front 14

cases

Back 14

- agentive (active noun)
- dative (receiving noun)
- objective (inactive noun)
- locative (place, location or orientation)

Front 15

MacDonald's eight rules

Back 15

- agent + action
- action + object
- agent + object (uncommon)
- x + locative
- negation + x
- modifier + head
- introducer + x
- x + dative (most uncommon)

Front 16

x

Back 16

agent, entity or action

Front 17

varieties of negation + x

Back 17

- non-existence (no milk: there is no milk)
- rejection (no milk: I don't want milk)
- denial ( no milk: this is not milk)

Front 18

varieties of modifier + head

Back 18

- recurrence (more cookie)
- possession (my cookie)
- attribution (big cookie)

Front 19

varieties of introducer + x

Back 19

- nomination (that Daddy: that is Daddy)
- notice (there Daddy: there is Daddy)

Front 20

three word stage transition

Back 20

- attributed to Roger Brown
- combining/expanding

Front 21

adaptive motherese

Back 21

- using motherese in a meaningful way to help child learn language
- systematically and repetitively work on core vocabulary during relevant activity

Front 22

variations of -ing

Back 22

- present progressives (verbs: He is walking.)
- participles (adjectives: He has a walking cane.)
- gerunds (nouns: Walking is fun.)

Front 23

time line for allomorph acquisition

Back 23

- present progressive (-ing): 28 months
- plural (-s, -es): before 3 years
- possessive (-'s): before 3.5 years
- regular past tense (-ed): after 3.5 years
- third person singular (-'s): after 3.5

Front 24

criteria for morpheme to be considered developed according to Brown

Back 24

child uses it in 90% of obligatory contexts

Front 25

Black English phonological rule

Back 25

if there is a consonant cluster at the end of a word in which phonemes are either both voiced or unvoiced, the last phoneme is omitted

Front 26

Black English morphological rule

Back 26

3rd person singular of regular tense verbs may not be marked in BE, whereas it is always marked in standard dialect

Front 27

copula

Back 27

- "to be" used as a main verb
- uncontracted form learned right after possession, at 3+ years
- contacted form learned after uncontracted auxiliary at 4+ years

Front 28

auxiliary

Back 28

- helping verb
- primary auxiliaries form tenses (to be, to have, to do)
- secondary auxiliaries (aka modals) express mood (can, may, might, will, must)
- uncontracted form learned at 4+

Front 29

importance of development of copula and auxiliary

Back 29

- verb negation, interrogative reversal, wh- questions, tag questions and passives cannot develop without them
- often delayed in children with language problems

Front 30

beginning development of verb negation

Back 30

- prelinguistically (10-14 mos): gestural, head shake
- one word stage: "no" or "don't"
- two word stage: negation + x (no run)
- three/four word stage: negation + x + another grammatical/syntactic rule (3 ws: not Bobby running, 4 ws: Bobby not running)
- acquired after auxiliary is developed (Bobby is not running)

Front 31

five adult forms of negative

Back 31

- verb negation
- negative words (nobody, nothing)
- determiner "no" used before nouns
- determiner "not" used before verbs/adjectives
- negative prefixes (un-, dis-, non-)

Front 32

stages of early question development

Back 32

- pre-linguistic stage: facial expressions, gestures
- one word stage: rising intonation pattern (mommy?)
- two word stage: rising intonation and wh- question introducer (where mommy?)
- three/four word stages: rising intonation and semantic grammatical rules (where mommy go?)

Front 33

interrogative reversals

Back 33

- yes/no questions in which the subject and verb are reversed (is she nice? => she is nice)
- first syntactic rule for questions

Front 34

wh- questions

Back 34

- requires use of interrogative reversal + wh- word (what is mommy doing?)

Front 35

tag questions

Back 35

- requires use of verb negation and interrogative reversal
- if first part is affirmative, second part will be negative (You don't understand that, do you?)
- if first part is negative, second part will be affirmative (You understand that, don't you?)

Front 36

case grammar

Back 36

- founded by Fillmore
- theory of language that emphasizes the semantics roles of nouns and verbs in grammar over the syntax

Front 37

mean length utterance

Back 37

- number of words and inflected morphemes in a sentence
- often consistent with age up until 5 years

Front 38

allomorph

Back 38

- inflected morpheme
- is both a phoneme and a morpheme
- formed by morpho-phonemic rules

Front 39

content, form and use

Back 39

- content: semantics
- form: syntax and morphology
- use: pragmatics

Front 40

semantic features hypothesis

Back 40

- founded by Clark
- idea that referents can be defined by universal set of features

Front 41

functional core hypothesis

Back 41

- founded by Nelson
- child derives meaning through motion and dynamic features

Front 42

Well's pragmatic categories

Back 42

- control
- representational
- expressive
- social
- tutorial
- procedural

Front 43

development stages of certain verbs

Back 43

26 months: do, have
30 months: can, be + present progressive, will
33 months: be going to
36 months: have got to
39 months: shall
40 months: could