Language And The Brain

Front 1

Pulmonic air pressure can cause the vocal cords to _______________________.

Back 1

Vibrate

Front 2

The ______________ is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main

muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process.

Back 2

Diaphragm

Front 3

When the diaphragm contracts pulling the lungs downward, we ______________.

Back 3

inhale.

Front 4

When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs return to their _____________ position, and we ______________.

Back 4

resting ....and......exhale.

Front 5

Muscle _______________ can modulate the vibration of the vocal cords.

Back 5

tension

Front 6

The vocal cords are also known as the __________________.

Back 6

vocal folds

voice reeds

Front 7

The larynx is the home of the vocal folds.

True or false?

Back 7

True.

Front 8

The vocal tract consists of the ___________________,

_________________,

and ________________.

Back 8

oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

Front 9

The pharynx is the area of the throat between the ________________ and __________________.

Back 9

uvula and the larynx

Front 10

The larynx, also known as the ________________, is the box-like structure through which air passes during speech production.

Back 10

voice box

Front 11

The uvula is the small fleshy flap of tissue that hands down from the _________________.

Back 11

velum

Front 12

The velum is the soft area toward the rear of the roof of the mouth. True or false?

Back 12

True

Front 13

The vocal tract can be modified in a number of ways. Name seven ways.

Back 13

Jaw opening

Tongue position

Tongue closure

Lip rounding

Nasal cavity modulated by uvula

Pharyngeal stricture

Laryngeal stricture

Front 14

Define Glottis

Back 14

It's the space between the vocal folds.

Front 15

According to F.P., language is the most distinctive function of the human brain.

True or False?

Back 15

True

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 16

_________________ are the long-distance target of linguistic research.

Back 16

Neural mechanisms

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 17

According to ______________________,

"the relevant question, surely, is whetherthe nervous system can be said to followrules in the sense of "rule" advanced in thetheories (...)”

Back 17

Noam Chomsky

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 18

The set of constraints on how sequences of

segments pattern is known as _________________.

Back 18

Phonotactics

Front 19

Three major phonological units are the feature, the segment, and the syllable. Define each.

Back 19

Segments are individual speech sounds that corresponds to the letters in transcript systems like the IPA or English alphabet.

Features are the smallestunit of analysis of phonological structure,combinations of which make up segments(e.g., [nasal], [continuant]).

Syllables are units of linguistic structure thatconsists of a syllabic element (onset, nucleus, coda) and any segmentsthat are associated with it.

Front 20

According to F.P., features correspond to what level of language-brain correspondence?

Back 20

Individual neurons

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 21

According to F.P., phonemes correspond to what level of language-brain correspondence?

Back 21

Local groups of neurons

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 22

According to F.P., phoneme sequences correspond to what level of language-brain correspondence?

Back 22

Synfire chains

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 23

According to F.P., words/morphemes correspond to what level of language-brain correspondence?

Back 23

Distributed neuronal assemblies

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 24

According to F.P., frequent type of word sequence correspond to what level of language-brain correspondence?

Back 24

sequence detector,global activity control

(Lecture 2-slides)

Front 25

How do we know that the leftperisylvian areas are of particularrelevance for language?

Back 25

Focal lesions in left perisylvian areas in right handers frequently leads to aphasias.

(Test 1, lecture 2 slides)

Front 26

Aphasias are multimodal. True or false?

Back 26

True, they involve deficits in...

• Articulation, phonological processing

•Word finding, morphology, syntax

• Understanding and producing speech

• Reading and writing

• Repetition

Front 27

Verbal fluency, verbal comprehension, verbal repetition, and verbal naming are important

categories for classifying which type of

brain disorder?

Back 27

Linguistic aphasias!

Front 28

Classify Broca's aphasia according to the four

important categories.

Back 28

Verbal fluency - non fluent

Verbal repetition - poor

Verbal naming - poor

Verbal comprehension - good

Front 29

Classify Wernickes's aphasia according to the four important categories.

Back 29

Verbal comprehension - poor

Verbal repetition - poor

Verbal naming - poor

Verbal fluency - fluent

Front 30

Classify Conduction aphasia according to the four important categories.

Back 30

Verbal repetition - poor

Verbal naming - poor

Verbal fluency - fluent

Verbal comprehension - good

Front 31

Broca's aphasia is a subcategory of non-fluent aphasia. True or false?

Back 31

True.

Front 32

Global aphasia is the most severe form ofnonfluent aphasia, in which the patientis completely mute. According to F.P., it occurs due to lesions in sites _____________, _______________, ____________.

Back 32

1,2,3

Broca's area,

Wernickes area,

and the Arcuate Fasciculus

Front 33

Lesions in the left perisylvian cortex lead toaphasias. True or false?

Back 33

True.

Front 34

Inferior frontal lesions tend to impair language production (e.g., fuency) strongly and comprehension to a smaller degree. True or false?

Back 34

True.

Front 35

Superior temporal lesions tend to impair language comprehension severely, with fluent but errorful production.

Back 35

True.

Front 36

Wernicke’s area is in the superior temporallobe, Brodmann area 22. True or False?

Back 36

True.

Front 37

Broca’s area is in the inferior frontal gyrus,Brodmann areas 44 and 45. True or False?

Back 37

True.

Front 38

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are not located close to the Sylvian fissure, thatis, in the perisylvian region. True or false?

Back 38

False.

Front 39

In his 2003 book, F.P. cites five important areas for language processing. They are areas.....

(provide Broca numbers)

Back 39

44 • Gyrus opercularis • Inferior frontal lobe • Broca’s area

45 • Gyrus triangularis • Inferior frontal lobe

22 • Gyrus temporalis sup. • temporalsuperior lobe • Wernicke’s area

39 • Gyrus supramarginalis • Inferior parietal lobe

40 • Gyrus angularis • Temporo–parieto–occipital junction

Front 40

Why are the perisylvian areas so important for language?

Back 40

It's probably because the articulatory motor (output) areas, the sensory input areas, and the association areas all radiate around the PS areas.

Front 41

Nerve cells with anti-phasic activation weaken theirlinks. True or false?

Back 41

True

Front 42

According to F.P (2003), adjacent areas in the cortex are connected with high probability (>70%). True or False?

Back 42

True.

Front 43

According to F.P (2003), there is a lower but still good chance for connections between areas farther apart (15–30 percent). True or false?

Back 43

True.

Front 44

Compared to monkeys and apes, the human brain has an especially strong connection between inferior frontal and temporal areas of cortex, whichis more strongly developed on the left than on theright. What does F.P. use this idea to support?

Back 44

The idea that what gives humans an advantage for language processing is their brain structure.

Additionally, F.P. thinks that babbling is the input that strengthens this advantage.

Front 45

Babbling is an example of....

Back 45

Correlated speech-induced articulatory and acoustic phonological activation building action-perception circuits for speech sounds and words

Front 46

Why are the left perisylvian areas so important for language?

Back 46

- Because of correlation learning (motor and concordant auditory activity (during babbling, speech production)

- Because of connectivity structure

Front 47

Starting with the labial place of articulation, name next 8 places of articulation down to the glottis.

Back 47

Labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal

Lazy dumb arrogant people value universal principles greatly.

Front 48

Define primary place of articulation

Back 48

The most important place where the airflow is modified (e.g., in [w], which is made with the tongue raised near the velum and the lips rounded, the velum is the primary place of articulation).

Front 49

Define manners of articulation

Back 49

The various configurations produced by positioning the lips, tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways (e.g., nasal, fricative, liquid).

Front 50

Define Consonants

Back 50

Sounds that are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract.

Front 51

Vowels are resonant, syllabic sounds produced with less obstruction in the vocal tract than that required for glides. true or false?

Back 51

True.

Front 52

Praat is a computer program for spectrographic analysis of speech sounds. True or false?

Back 52

True

Front 53

A phone is a basic speech sound, with distinct properties in production and perception. True or false?

Back 53

True

Front 54

Define phonemes.

Back 54

Distinctive sounds in a language that contrast with other sounds in that language (e.g., the sounds [i] and [i] as in rich and reach contrast with each other as separate phonemes in English but not in Spanish).

Front 55

Define minimal pair

Back 55

Two forms with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment found in the same position in each form (e.g., [ʃip] and [ʃip]).

Front 56

What is actually produced in speech after rules havebeen applied to the underlying representation?

Back 56

A predictable variant of a phone known as an

allophone. The underlying mental

representation is a phoneme.

Front 57

The are detectable ERP-effects with violations of phonotactic rules. True or false?

Back 57

True.

Front 58

The English words "bear" and "bare" exemplify the concept of __________________.

Back 58

homonymity.

(different meaning, same sound).

Front 59

The English words "sofa" and "couch" exemplify the concept of __________________.

Back 59

synonymity

(same meaning, different sound).

Front 60

The minimal unit of meaning is the word. True or false?

Back 60

False. The minimal unit of a meaning is the

morpheme.

Front 61

Define inflection.

Back 61

The modification of a word’sform to indicate the grammatical subclass towhich it belongs (e.g., the -s in books marksthe plural subclass).

Front 62

A free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself. True or false.

Back 62

True.

The word is the smallest free form in language. For example, "happy" is a free morpheme. The prefix un-, in "unhappy", while a morpheme, is not a free morpheme.

Front 63

Define composition.

Back 63

Formation of words with the combination of free morphemes: sales + person = salesperson, porn + star = pornstar

Front 64

Define derivation.

Back 64

(1) In morphology, a word formation process by which a new word isbuilt from a stem—usually through the additionof an affix—that changes the word class and/or basic meaning of the word. i.e. person (noun) + al = personal (n->adjective) + ity = personality (adj->noun).

Front 65

Define root. (morphology)

Back 65

In a complex word, the morpheme that remains after all affixes areremoved (e.g., mind in unmindfulness).

Front 66

Define stem.

Back 66

The base to which an inflectionalaffix is added (e.g., modification is the stem for -s in the word modifications).

Front 67

Define affix.

Back 67

A bound morpheme that modifies the meaning and/or syntactic (sub)categoryof the stem in some way (e.g., un- and-able in unreadable).

Front 68

Define bound morpheme.

Back 68

A morpheme that must be attached to another element (e.g.,the past tense marker -ed).

Front 69

Define suffix.

Back 69

An affix that is attached to the end of its base (e.g., -ly in quickly).

Front 70

Define infix.

Back 70

Infix An affix that occurs within a base.

Front 71

Bound morphemes can be divided into ____________ class and ___________ class words.

Back 71

Open and closed. Open words are usually the lexical items in the store, and closed class words are usually the functional words such as the logical operators, determiners, etc.

Front 72

An affix can be either a derivational or an

inflectional affix. True or false?

Back 72

True.

Front 73

According to Fromkin, inflectional affixes are always suffixes. True or false?

Back 73

True.

Front 74

Give the Broadmann code for Broca's area.

Back 74

44, 45. inferior frontal lobe.

Front 75

Give the Broadmann code for Wernicke's area.

Back 75

22. superior temporal lobe.

Front 76

Anomic aphasia would likely occur as a result of lesions in the visual cortex. True or false?

Back 76

True. Lecture 2 slides.

Front 77

What explains the human capacity for language?

Back 77

Dorsal fronto-temporal connection (arcuate fasciculus) is strong and left-lateralised in humans only.

Front 78

What areas of the brain are activated when you articulate a word?

Back 78

Inferior-frontal activation (lecture slide two)

Front 79

What areas of the brain are activated when you hear an articulated word?

Back 79

Superior-temporal activation (lecture slide two)

Front 80

Mesgarani et al (2014), found that the phonetic features defined by distinct acoustic cues formanner of articulation were the strongest determinants of neuron selectivity, whereas place-of-articulationcues were less discriminable. True or false?

Back 80

TRUE!

Front 81

F1 (format 1) for vowels indicate...

Back 81

the height of the vowels with greater F1 values signifying lower or more open

articulations

Front 82

F2 (format 2) for vowels indicate

Back 82

the frontness of the vowels, with greater F2 values signifying articulations closer to the lips

Front 83

F1 and F2 are objective measurements used in phonetics indicate vowel quality. True or false?

Back 83

True