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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Second Language Acquisition |
Refers to gaining a second language after a certain level of profuciency is gained in the first öne |
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Second langauge is a language different from the native language of the person but it also the langauge used in the social setting |
Foreign langauge acquisition is generally the acquisition of a language in a more formal context Language is taught in language schools or courses but it is not the natural spoken language in the social context |
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How do children acquire langauge |
Behaviourism İnnatism Monitor model Connecttionism Social interactionist theory Output hyphotesis
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Behaviourism |
Infants hear utterances, imitate them and when their imitations are reinforced form the habits necessary to use a language Correction, imitation and reinforcement do not seem to be the way children acquire language |
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Child directed speech Motherese Baby talk |
Mothers provide the children with a simple form of language which is child directed and simplified Motherese seems to work for attracting the childs attention but it doesnt seem to help langauge acquisition |
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İnnatism |
Language is innate |
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Linguistic focus |
Childs syntax |
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Process of acquisition |
Hyphotesis testing and creative construction of syntactic rules using LAD |
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Rule of child |
Equipped with biological LAD, child plays major role in acquisition |
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Role of social environment |
Language used by others merely triggers LAD |
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Monitor Role |
Developed bu Stephen Krashen It is an innatist approach to langauge acquisition |
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Connecttionism |
Psycholinguistic view of language acquisition
There is no storage in human mind neuron connections provide learning
Relationship between input and output is emphasized |
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Social İnteractionist Theory |
This theory finds a balance in nature and nurture
It accepts that there are many factors affecting langauge acquisition |
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Output Hyphotesis |
Producing language contributes to learning a language Noticing triggering function: ıt refers to awarenesss or noticing students find when they produce langauge
The hyphotesis testing function: This function proposes language learners use the method of trial and error for testing their production expecting to receive a feedbacm
The metalinguistic : Language is seen as a tool for reflection with the help of the effect created on the teacher, their partners and the students themselces
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Universality of stages in language acquisition |
1- The perception and pronunciation of speech sounds 2- Babbling 6months 3- First words 12 months 4- Telegraphic stage 5- Development of grammar |
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LAD Language Acquisition device |
There is an innate mechanism causing people to learn langauge |
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Language Development in First Language Acquisition |
The development of phonology The Acquisition of Morphology The Acquisition of Syntax The Acquisition of Semantic The Acquisition of Pragmatic |
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The development of phonology |
Mama Papa Baba ease of pronunciation Easist sounds Nasal are acquired first labial |
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The Acquisition of Morphology |
First language usually starts with tge correct irregular Verb
Tge stage is generally the stage where most of irregular are acquired correctly Broke -breaked |
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The Acquisition of Syntax |
Even at very early stages of language acquisition seem to have an understanding of the word order in their mother tongue
Word order is correct even at two - three word stages |
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Acquisition of Semantic |
Because of their limited range of vocabulary knowledge, they may overgeneralize the meaning of the words
After learning the word Cat, they may call many animal as cats- OVEREXTENTİON
Children may learn the word for an object but cannot extend its meaning When they encounter a desktop they may reject the idea that it is a computer - UNDEREXTENSION |
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The Acquisition of Pragmatic |
Most aspects of pragmatics are acquired very late when compared to other aspects of language Beside knowing the morphology, phonology, syntax ör semantic of a language using them in appropriate context makes a person an efficient language user |
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Stages of Acquisition |
Babbling Single words Motherese Two words Multi word sentences |
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Babbling |
By five months, infants typically begin to babble and add consonant sounds to their sound such as ba-ba ma-ma- ,da-da |
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Single words |
One word Holophase Infants begin to comprehend language about twice as fast as able to produce it . At this point motherese affects child language acquisition |
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Motherese |
Hightened pitch Exaggerated intonation İncreased repetition of words and clauses |
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Two words |
Age if 18months Two word sentences Consist of nouns and verbs Puppy big |
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Multi word sentence |
Two age Children begin to produce short multi word sentences that have a subject and predicate |
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UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR |
Noam Chomsky believes that there are some simiraities in human languages which are not learnt but brought by human beings. This is the acquisition center of brain, LAD is not empty at the beginning of learning People are born with some grammar |
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Parameter |
Some aspects of Syntax appear quite early, even at the two -word stage. This is parametre |
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Head first |
The head of the phrase standas before its constitute |
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Head last |
The head of phrase standa after ists constitutents |
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Principle |
Non vatiant grammar structures in all langauges |
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Bilingualism |
Refers to knowing two langauges |
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Sequential bilingualism |
Learning a second language after a certain level of proficiency is gained in the first one |
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Simultaneous bilingualism |
Learning two langauges at roughly the same time |
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Suntractive bilingualism |
Occurs when the second language becomes more dominant while the first is delayed |
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Additive bilingualism |
Occurs when the first language is maintained in addition to second language acquired |
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Code switchinh |
when a bilingual person switches between two languages in conversation with another bilingual Bilingualism results in better problem solution abilities Have better real life skills |
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İnput |
Langauge provided to person |
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Intake |
What is taken in /noticed and filtered bu the learner |
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Positive Transfer |
When an aspect of the first language eases the learning of a second one |
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Negative transfer |
The similarity may hinder the ability of spelling |
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Fossilization |
An incorrect leaning experience which is difficult or sometimes impossible to correct |
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Critical Period Hyphotesis Sensetive Period Hyphotesis |
Has a very important effect on language acquisition |
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Communication Strategies |
Refer to efforts of L2 learners in order to overcome the difficulties and hardships they encounter while producing L2 |
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Avoidence ör reduction strategies |
İnvolves alternatifin, reduction or abandonment of message |
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Message abondment |
Leaving message unfinished dur to linguistic difficulties |
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Topic avoidance |
Avoiding topic areas or concepts which pose linguistic difficulties |
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Achievement or compensatory strategies |
Alternative plans by learners in orderwto attain the original communicative goal can be fullfilied by compensating linguistic deficiencies |
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Circumlocution |
Describing or exemplifying the target object ör action |
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Approximation |
Using alternative term fot the target lexical item as closely as possible |
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Use of all purpose words |
Using words which fit into anywhere in the speech |
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Word coinage |
Creating a New nonexisting word |
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Use of no linguistic maans |
Using gestures, facial expressions or sound imitations to compensate for missing lexical units |
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Literal translation |
Translating a lexical item or an idiom iterally from1 to 2 |
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Foreignizing |
Adjusting a L1 word into L2 phonologically with L2 pronunciation |
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Appeal for help |
Learners can also ask for help from their conversation partners |
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Stalling or time gaining strategies |
Gaining time and to keep the communication channel open |
