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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a linear dilution series? |
Range of dilutions that differ by an equal interval |
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What is a log dilution series? |
Range of different dilutions that differ by a constant proportion |
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What is a colorimeter used for? |
To measure the concentration of pigment in a solution, the tubidity of liquids, or density of cells within a culture |
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How do colorimeters work? |
Uses coloured light to illuminate sample of test substance in a cuvette, and electronically records how much light is absorbed |
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What will a denser sample show when tested for turbidity in colorimeter? |
Lower transmission |
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Why is a colorimeter calibrated? |
Calibrated with 'blank' cuvette filled with solvent to act as a baseline or control |
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What is a standard curve? |
Graph made by plotting absorbance readings from a series of known concentrations of a substance |
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What are standard curves used for? |
Can be used as reference for samples of unknown concentration, as concentrarion can be estimated by interpolation |
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What is a buffer? |
Aquaeous solutions that show little variation in pH |
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What is centrifugation used for? |
Used to separate materials in suspension according to their density |
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How does centrifugation work? |
Material is rotated in centrifuge tube at 200-120000 rpm, resultant g-force causes materials to separate, most sense items form pellet at bottom |
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What is the name of the liquid fraction fromed from centrifugation? |
The supernatant |
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What is thin-layer and paper chromatography used for? |
To separate amino acids according to their characteristics of solubility |
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How does PC or TLC work? |
Materials being tested are spotted at base of chromatography medium, solvent mix pulls different constituents up chromatogram |
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How is there different rates of movement in TLC? |
Caused by different relative affinities of materials for the medium, pulling them to different heights |
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What mediums are used in paper chromatography? |
Cellulose paper |
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What medium is used in TLC? |
Cellulose or silica gel |
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What is affinity chromatography used for? |
Separation of one specific protein from a mixture |
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How does affinity chromatography work? |
Antibody or ligand specific to binding to protein is immobolised in agarose gel packed in a column, mixture of proteins is poured through column, only specific protein binds, wash column with buffer of different pH to reduce affinity |
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What is protein electrophoresis used for? |
Separate proteins |
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How does protein electrophoresis work? |
Used current flowing through a buffer |
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How are proteins unfolded? |
Is denatured by heat in the presence of a detergent, resulting in linear protein with uniform charge |
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What factors effect migration of protein through gel? |
Size and charge |
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What is the isoelectric point? |
pH at which a protein has an overall neutral charge |
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What are antibody techniques used for? |
Detection and identification of specific proteins |
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How are monoclonal antibodies produce? |
line of B lymphocytes is grown eaxh secreting same specific antibody, fused with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol to form immortal cell line, cells produced are called hybridomas, diluted to make sure each cell is placed in own screening well |
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What are monoclonal antibodies used for? |
Diagnosis and detection of disease |
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What are monoclonal antibodies? |
Antibodies that are identical and bind to exactly the same feature of the antigen |
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How do immunoassey techniques work? |
Reporter enzyme catalyses colour change reaction used to detect and quantify presence of specific antigen, if antigen is present antibody will bind enzyme produces coloured product |
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What is fluorescent labelled protein blotting used for? |
Identifying specific proteins that have been spearated by gel electophoresis |
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How does fluorescent labelled protein blotting work? |
Proteins blotted from gel onto nylon filter or nitrocellulose membrane, filter is flooded with fluorescent labeled monoclonal antibodies which bind to target proteins, excess is washed away, exposed to light of specific wavelength, shows location of target protein |
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What is imunnohistohemical staining? |
Technique used to visualise distribution of specific cellular components in live cells |
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What is culturing used for? |
Used to produce genetically identical clones of initial cell sample |
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What is aseptic technique? |
Series of methods and procedures used to prevent contamination |
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How can growth factors be provided? |
Addition of an animal serum, such as foetal bovine serum |
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Why are certain plant cells totipotent? |
They are able to differentiate into all cell types required to form a whole new organism |
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What are explants? |
Small pieces of plant tissue that are placed in solid medium |
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What is a haemocytometer? |
Graduated microscope slide used to count cell density |
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What can a haemocytometer be used for? |
Making total cell counts, or viable cell counts where vital staining is used |
