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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Nutrition?? |
The science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of the foods that we eat |
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Why do we need adequate nutrition? (5 points) |
1. Supply nutrients needed for the production of energy 2. Support growth and development of body tissues 3. Repair damaged tissue 4. Regulation of physiological processes 5. Minimize development of diseases associated with poor diet |
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Factors that influence what we eat... |
Cultural and social meanings attached to food, social interaction, advertising, economy, availability, body image, emotional comfort, regional and seasonal trends |
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Roadblocks to good nutrition (5 points) |
1. Too little time to plan, prepare, and eat proper 2. Irregular schedule 3. Lack of correct information 4. Availability of processed foods 5. Our obsession with thinness |
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What are the energy yielding (3) and (4) other nutrients required by our bodies? |
E.Y: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Other: vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fibres |
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What percentage of each E.Y nutrient does a well-balanced diet consist of? |
50% carbs 30% proteins 20% fats |
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Three types of Carbs |
1. Sugar (glucose, sucrose, lactose) 2. Starch (provide rich source of vitamins/minerals) 3. Cellulose (dietary/insoluble fibre) |
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Saturated (3) vs Unsaturated (3) Fats |
Saturated: not so good for you. Derived from animal sources and solid at room temp Tropical oils contain high con. of these Unsaturated: found in veggie oils Can be modified so body can use them more readily for fuel |
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What is Cholesterol? (4 points) |
Can be carried in two kinds of lipoproteins HDL: protect against atherosclerosis LDL: contribute to plaque build-up Foods with higher saturated fats produce more LDL |
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What is hydrogenation? |
Process by which unsaturated fats are converted to trans fatty acids Contribute to changes in cell membrane making it difficult to release cholesterol |
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What are proteins? (3 points) |
Main function is to promote growth and maintenance of body tissue May be broken down for glucose Primary component of enzyme and hormone structure |
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What are vitamins required for? |
Facilitate the actions of enzymes and aid in growth of tissues, reproduction, and energy production |
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Water or fat soluble vitamins |
Water: b-complex and c (not stored in body) Fat: A, D, E, K (stored in adipose tissue) |
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Minerals (macro vs. trace) |
Function as structural elements and regulate body processes Macro: Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mn, S Trace: Fe, Z, I, Cu, Mg |
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Healthy Weight Strategy (2 points) |
Lifestyle adjustments on both sides of the caloric equation Make gradual adjustment, know fat...not no fat |
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Dietary Supplements (2 points) |
OTC products intended to provide additional nutrients to supplement diet Who would benefit? Vegetarians, elderly, pregnancy, recovery periods |
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What is Olestra? |
A fat-free substitute that can lead to cancer, linked to excessive diarrhea, and illness |
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Irridation of food? |
Reduce bacterial contamination of meats and meat products |
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GMOs |
Genetically modified foods that alter genetic make-up of plant seed or animal |
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What are allergies? (3 points) |
Abnormal responses to a food triggered by the immune system Symptoms can appear gradually or very sudden 1-3% of the population have allergies |
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What is an intolerance? (2 points) |
Can cause symptoms of gastric upset but is not result of immune system Ex: lactose, MSG, dyes, sulphites, gluten |
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What is an STD? (2 points) |
An infectious disease spread primarily through intimate sexual contact 2 out of 3 occur in people under 25 and incidence is increasing in young people |
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How are STDs spread? |
Through sex and oral-genital, hand-genital, or anal contact Direct contact with infected area or mother to baby |
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What are some symptoms of STDs? |
Different/heavier discharge, burns while urinating, sores on genitals or rectum, itchy feeling around genitals |
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What is Chlamydia? (4 points) |
Most prevalent STD caused by nongonococcal bacterium Can lead to: prostate gland damage, cervical cancer, arthritis like symptoms, damage to heart and blood vessels |
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What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? (2 points) |
A sexually transmitted virus that causes precancerous changes in the cervix 30% of the time Causative agent of genital worts |
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What are genital warts and what are treatment options? |
Caused by HPV and can be full-blown or flat warts Podophyllin, cryosurgery, simple excision, laser surgery, or creams with 5-fluroracil |
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What is Cystitis? |
Infection of the urinary bladder |
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What is Urethritis? |
Infection of the urethra |
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What is a yeast infection? (3 points) |
Caused by Candida albicans Becomes problematic when normal chemical balance is disturbed Due to changes in vaginal environment |
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What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? (3 points) |
Acute or chronic inflammation of the lining of the abdomen or pelvic cavity or fallopian tubes Abdominal pain, fever, unusual discharge Increases risk for infertility, pelvic pain, upper genital infections |
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What is herpes? (3 points) |
Caused by the herpes simplex virus HSV 1: cold sores HSV 2: genital area Tingling, develop red spot --> herpes |
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Stages of Syphilis (4) |
1. Primary: chancre develops then goes 3-6 weeks 2. Secondary (1-12mths after) rash appears and lasts weeks or months 3. Latent: congenital syphilis 4. Later: heart, CNS damage, blindness, paralysis |
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Gonorrhea (2 points) |
Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae Primarily infects linings of the urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum |
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What is HIV? (4 points) |
Human immunodeficiency virus Progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers Asymptomatic period: no symptoms for 10+ years Symptomatic period: lack of energy, weight loss, skin rashes, fevers/sweats |
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How is HIV transmitted? (3 points) |
Through the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, mouth, blood Begins to destroy T helper cells High risk: exchange of bodily fluids and injecting drugs |
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What is AIDS? (3 points) |
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome People who have HIV and < 200 TD4 T cells Prone to developing various cancers |
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How can you diagnose AIDS? |
Through a blood test, ELISA test, or Western blot test |
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Treatments for AIDS (3) |
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Protease inhibitors |
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Factors leading to infectious diseases... |
Overpopulation, inadequate healthcare, drug resistance, and increased international travel |
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Why is there an increase in the incidence of infectious diseases? (3) |
Ecological changes (drought, climate changes) Human demographics (increase population, war) Technology, industry, trade/commerce |
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What are factors that lead to an infectious disease spreading? (4) |
Host must be susceptible Immune system compromised Transmitting agent present Environment must be hospitable |
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7 types of pathogens |
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms, rickettsia, and prions |
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What is bacteria? (2 points) |
Spherical, rod shaped One celled microorganisms with sturdy, well-defined cell walls |
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What is MRSA? (2 points) |
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus Type of staph infection i.e flesh-eating disease |
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What is CA-MRSA? |
Community acquired MRSA |
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What is VRE? (3 points) |
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci Normally found in intestines, female genital tract, and environment When out of control, can lead to infection |
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Viruses (2 points) |
Smallest common pathogen Non-living particles of DNA surrounded by a protein coat |
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What is an influenza? (2 points) |
Respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus Spread through droplets that have been coughed or sneezed into air |
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West Nile Virus |
Contracted from the bite of a mosquito that became infected when fed on blood of an infected bird |
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Stages of infection (5)
1. Incubation |
Time required for pathogen to multiply enough to cause signs and symptoms |
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2. Prodromal |
Only general symptoms appear |
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3. Clinical/acute |
Symptoms are most fully expressed |
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4. Decline |
Chances of relapse |
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5. Recovery/Convalescence |
Body's immune system has overcome infectious agent and recovery is underway |
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Mechanical Body Defence (2 points) |
First line of defence where physically spate internal body from environment Cilia, earwax, tears, skin |
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Immune system |
System of cellular and chemical elements that protects the body from foreign particles and cells |
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Antigen |
Any substance that is capable of triggering the immune system |
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Antibodies |
Produced by the body and matched to an antigen to defend against them |
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Cell-mediated immunity |
Grouping of lymphocytes that can attack and destroy a foreign invader |
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Vaccine |
Consist of a killed or attenuated version of a disease-causing microorganism or antigen similar to the diseased one |
