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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does liver use glucose ? |
to make triglycerides |
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Nervous System |
-consists of nerve iimpulses/ neurotransmitters -faster responses, briefer effects , acts on specific target |
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Endocrine System |
- hormone-mediator molecule releases in 1 part of the body but regualtes activity of cells in other parts -slower responses, effects last longer , broader influence |
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what are neurotransmitters ? |
-chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell, Neurons use electrical signals as well |
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what are hormones? |
-secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood; only target cells with receptors for the hormone respond to the signal |
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How do cells communciate ? |
cells communicate via hormones, neurotransmitters and receptors are required for this communciation to take place |
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Hypothalamic -Pituitary Axis |
-functions to regulate alomst every body system -set of feedback interaction between three endocrine glands: 1. pineal gland 2. hypothalamus 3. pituitary gland |
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The Posterior Pituitary |
•Containsaxons from neurons originating in the hypothalamus •Theseneurons release neurohormones intocapillary bedsin the posteriorpituitary •Neurohormones thenenter the circulation |
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Neurohormones |
-protein synthesized from DNA; then transported in vesicles to axon terminals to be excreted in response to excitation of neural membrane |
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Steps of a neurohormone release |
1. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal. 2. The depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+enters the cell. 3. Calcium entry triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents 4. Neurohormonesreleasedinto circulation and travel to reachreceptorsin other parts of the body |
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The Posterior Pituitary etc. |
•Doesnotsynthesize hormones •Storesandreleases hormones made by the hypothalamus •Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contraction and lactation •Antidiuretic Hormone: Involvedin Renal (kidney) function and the control of water excretiono |
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The Anterior Pituitary |
•Neurohormones arereleased from hypothalamic neurons and enter the capillaries of the anteriorpituitary •Neurohormones stimulateendocrinecells in the anterior pituitary to release hormones into the circulation |
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Growth Hormone |
•GHRHis released from neural cells of the hypothalamus. •GHRHbinds to endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary. •Stimulatesthe release of growth hormone from the endocrine cells into the systemiccirculationi |
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Use of Growth hormone? |
travels through systematic circualtion until it reaches targeet cells and binds to its receptor, stimulates protein synthesis in the target cell |
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Examples of Growth Hormone Actions |
–Cartilageformation –Skeletalgrowth –Musclehypertrophy |
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Gigantism |
chronic overproduction of growth hormone |
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What are the Thyroid hormones and what are their functions? |
Thyroxin (T4) &Triiodothyronine (T3) –Mostrelease is T4, but T3 is the more metabolically active hormone –Promotefuel mobilization and metabolism–Stimulateprotein synthesis |
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Estrogen and Progesterone |
-female sex hormones -involved in reproduction (menstrual cycle, ovulation, pregnancy, lactation ) -estrogen is also cardioprotective |
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Androgens |
-male sex hormones -testosterone is a steroid which potently stimulates cellular growth -steroids makes you bigger and stronger |
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what does testosterone improve ? |
muscle mass and strength and even greater if combined with resistance training |
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Steroids activate protein synthesis such as ... |
–MuscleGrowth –Strengthgain –Hairloss at temple –Deepeningof voice –Increasedbody and pubic hair–Prostategrowth –Activatesskin glands (acne, body odour) |
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Location and parts of the adrenal gland |
-sits on top of the kidney -consisting of two parts = adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
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function of adrenal cortex |
-secretes several steroids in response to ACTH stimulation |
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Mineralocorticooids |
a corticosteroid hormone, which is synthesized by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid, is necessary for regulation of salt and water in the body. |
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Glucocorticoids |
any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone) that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
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Cortisol |
•Increasesbreakdown of protein (catabolism)••Thisprovides amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the liver and protein synthesiselsewhere •Stimulateslipolysis and spares the use of carbohydrate |
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in context of exercise, fasting or acute stress elevated cortisol is good for... |
•Elevates lipolysis •Helps spare CHO •Mobilizes amino acids |
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Chronic Stress Cortisol Cause problems when ...
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•Blood sugar imbalance •Decreased muscle mass •Lowered immunity and inflammatory responses •Elevated fat storage (result of increased blood sugar) |
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Adrenal Medulla |
- Secretes catecholamines(Epinephrineand Norepinephrine) - Release of catecholamines isunder direct Neural control… |
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Cytokines |
-cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells -have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells |
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Three types of Cytokines |
–Autocrine → acton the samecell thatsecrete them –Paracrine → act onnearby cells –Endocrine→ act ondistant cells |
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Adipokines |
cytokines secreted by adipose tissue ex: leptin: mice lacking leptin are obese adiopinectin |
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Myokines |
-skeletal muscle releases hormones, released in response to increased contractile aactivity and have a variety of systemic effects |
