Knowledge Management

Front 1

What is knowledge management?

Back 1

Knowledge Management: Efficient handling of information and resources within an organization.

Front 2

Briefly describe tacit and explicit knowledge.

Back 2

Tacit knowledge is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing down or verbalizing.

Explicit knowledge is the type of knowledge that can be readily transmitted to others as it has been stored in some way. Good examples of this are textbooks or encyclopedias.

Front 3

How can tacit knowledge be converted to explicit knowledge?

Back 3

Externalization is the process that transforms tacit knowledge into explicit form. This can be done using collaboration systems, online discussion database, wikis, blogs, forums. The process requires transforming the knowledge that is minds of people, into electronic forms.

Front 4

How can explicit knowledge be converted to tacit knowledge?

Back 4

Internalization is sharing and distribution of knowledge within the organization, using online learning/e-learning, intranet portals, knowledge repository searching and data mining.

Front 5

What is single loop learning? How does double loop learning differ?

Back 5

Single Loop Learning works on improving existing systems that rest on unchallenged assumptions. This solves problems, but doesn't address the underlying cause of the problems.

Double Loop Learning expands the analytical frame to explicitly identify and then challenge the underlying assumptions.

Front 6

Explain the difference between data, information and knowledge.

Back 6

Data: Facts and figures which relay something specific, but are not organized in any way.

Information: Contextualized, categorized, calculated and condensed data. Data with meaning applied.

Knowledge: Know-how, understanding, experience, insight, intuition and contextualized information.

Front 7

List the four stages of the knowledge management life cycle.

Back 7

Generating Knowledge

Codifying Knowledge

Sharing Knowledge

Leveraging Knowledge

Front 8

Describe the following processes:

i. Socialisation

ii. Internalisation

iii. Externalisation

iv. Combination

Back 8

i. Socialisation; Tacit to tacit. Shared experience and interaction.

ii. Internalisation; Explicit to tacit, through the learning process.

iii. Externalisation; Tacit to explicit, through using metaphors and figurative language.

iv. Combination; Explicit to explicit, through reconfiguring existing knowledge.

Front 9

What is meant by the term data warehouse?

Back 9

A data warehouse is a large store of data accumulated from a wide range of sources within a company and used to guide decisions.

Front 10

What is meant by data mining and how is this useful to knowledge management?

Back 10

Data mining is the practice of examining large pre-existing databases in order to generate new information. Within Knowledge Management, this allows recognition of patterns to predict future trends and plan/act accordingly.

Front 11

Briefly describe the four main stages of the knowledge management life cycle.

Back 11

Generating Knowledge: Knowledge acquired by an organisation as well as that created by it.

Codifying Knowledge: Put organisational knowledge into a form that
makes it accessible to those who need it

Sharing Knowledge: Sharing relevant knowledge across the organisation.

Leveraging Knowledge: Ensuring that the acquired knowledge is utilized, put to appropriate use etc.

Front 12

What is meant by Case Based Reasoning (CBR)?

Back 12

Case Based Reasoning is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. An auto mechanic who fixes an engine by recalling another car that exhibited similar symptoms is using case-based reasoning.

Front 13

What is meant by the term Knowledge Map?

Back 13

A Knowledge Map is used to help locate a "knower". It is created as a guide, not a repository, in order to point someone towards a person who possesses certain knowledge and is especially useful when it comes to tacit knowledge.

Front 14

What is meant by a Community of Practice (CoP)?

Back 14

A CoP is a group of people who share a concern, set or problems or passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and their expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis.

Learning conducted in this method is not always intentional.

Front 15

What is the purpose of a Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)?

Back 15

A CKO is an organizational leader, responsible for ensuring that the organization maximizes the value it achieves through "knowledge". The CKO is responsible for managing intellectual capital and the custodian of Knowledge Management practices in an organization.

Front 16

What is meant by the term Business Rules?

Back 16

A business rule is a statement that defines or
constrains some aspect of the business. It is
intended to assert business structure or to control or influence the behaviour of the business.

Example: Anyone placing an order with us is a customer.

Front 17

There are three types of business rule. What are they? Briefly describe each.

Back 17

Structural Business Rules; statements about the data objects that an organisation's business deals with.

Behavioural Business Rules; statements about some dynamic aspects of a business.

Constraint Business Rules; statements about the conditions under which an organisation's business operates.

Front 18

What is an ontology? How is it useful?

Back 18

An ontology compartmentalizes the variables needed for some set of computations and establishes the relationships between them.

Front 19

What are the three types of data?

Describe them briefly.

Back 19

Big Data; data that cannot be handled with conventional tools (or a term used as a vague metaphor for solving problems with data).

Open Data; data anyone can use without legal, technical or financial barriers.

Personal Data; derived from people, where you can distinguish a person from others in a group.

Front 20

What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Back 20

The IoT is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices within the existing Internet infrastructure.

Front 21

What are the two types of Information Organisation Schemes?

Back 21

Exact Organisation Schemes

Well defined, mutually exclusive categories.

e.g. Phonebook

Inexact Organisation Schemes

Ill-defined, overlapping categories.

e.g. Yellow Pages

Front 22

Give three examples of an Exact Organisation Scheme.

Back 22

Alphabetical

Geographical

Chronological

Front 23

Give three examples of an Inexact Organisation Scheme.

Back 23

Topical

Task-based

User-specific

Front 24

What is meant by XML and how is it used?

Back 24

XML; extensible markup language.

XML is an information representation language which helps to emphasize meaning behind stored information using appropriate HTML styled tags.

Front 25

What are the stages of Individual Learning?

Back 25

i. Observations and Reflection

ii. Concrete Experience

iii. Testing implications of concepts in new situation

iv. Formation of abstract concepts and generalisations

Front 26

What are the two modes of group learning? Describe them.

Back 26

i. Divergent Thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

ii. Convergent Thinking is the type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single, well-established answer to a problem.

Front 27

What is organisational learning?

Back 27

Organisational learning is the process of creating, retaining, and transferring knowledge within an organisation. An organisation improves over time as it gains experience. From this experience, it is able to create knowledge.

Front 28

What is a DTD and why is it used?

Back 28

DTD; document type definitions.

A DTD essentially defines grammar rules for XML documents.

Front 29

What is the difference between a well-formed and valid XML document?

Back 29

A syntactically-correct XML document is said to be well-formed.

One that conforms to the rules of it’s DTD is said to be valid.