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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the locomotor system and what does it do |
Also called musculoskeletal system. Supports body, keeps it upright, allows movement, protects vital organs |
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What does the skeleton store |
Calcium, phosphorus and components of blood |
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What is the musculoskeletal system made up of |
Bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, hyaline cartilage |
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What are the three types of muscle and what are their functions |
Skeletal: 30-40% of body weight, voluntary/somatic control, striated
Cardiac: involuntary/autonomic, striated
Smooth: long and spindle shaped, involuntary/autonomic nervous system, surrounds organs |
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How do muscles attach to bone |
Indirect: muscle forms epimysium which turns to tendon, tendon connects to bone
Direct: muscle epimysium attaches to bone |
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How are skeletal muscles named? Give examples |
Location-temporalis is over temporal bone
Shape- deltoid is triangular
Direction- rictus is straight
Number of origins- biceps is two
Location of origin or Insertion- sternocleidomastoid
Action- flexor or extensor
Size- gluteus MAXimus |
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Five properties of muscle fibres |
1. Irritability - ability to respond to stimulus
2. Contractibility- muscles ability to shorten
3. Elasticity- muscles ability to stretch and return to normal
4. Extensibility - muscles ability to extend in length
5. Conductivity- muscles ability to transmit nerve impulses |
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What is epimysium |
Outer most layer, connective tissue surrounding entire muscle |
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What is perimysium |
Middle layer, connective tissue binding groups of muscle fibres |
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Which type of motor units produce fine motor movements and give example of a fine motor movement |
Small motor unit, example is eye moving |
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Which motor unit produces gross motor movements? Give and example of a gross motor movement |
Large motor units, example is squat |
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Endomysium |
Inner layer, connective tissue surrounding muscle fibres |
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Muscle fibres |
Individual cell, long and narrow |
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Sarcolemma |
Plasma membrane, contains sarcoplasm (same as cytoplasm) |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Web like tubes surrounding muscle fibres |
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Sarcomere |
Contains actin and myosin, millions of them is what contracts a muscle |
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What are the components that make up the sarcomere |
Z line - boundary of sarcomere, on either end
I band - thin actin filament (the lines that slide across myosin when contracting)
A band- myosin band with some actin (on ends of myosin filament)
H zone- only myosin (middle of filament)
M line - centre of sarcomere, centre of h zone/ myosin filament |
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What is the neuromuscular system? |
The system linking muscle and nervous system |
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What is a motor unit |
One motor neuron (nerve), it's axon (pathway) and the muscle fibres it stimulates |
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What is the term for the point where muscle and motor neurons meet |
Neuromuscular junction |
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Steps of sliding filament theory |
1. Message from CNS is released (brain-spinal cord-motor neurons) 2. Motor nerves split into strands where they make contact with voluntary muscles 3. Message reaches axon terminal where it sends acetylcholine (ach) to sarcolemma of each muscle fibre involved 4. Ach travels down transverse tubules 5. Ach causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium from terminal cisterna 6. Calcium binds to troponin 7. Tropomyosin swivels and exposes actin binding sites 8. While tropomyosin moves, atp is released from sarcoplasm 9. Myosin heads attach to exposed actin 10. Atp that was released earlier breaks down causing the cross bridges of myosin and actin to move (stroke) 11. To relax, ach is inactivated by ache (acetycholinesterase) 12. Calcium goes back to sarcoplasmic reticulum 13. Actin binding sites are covered again by tropomyosin 14. Muscle relaxes and lengthens |
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List the uses of atp in the sliding filament theory |
Energizes power stroke of myosin cross bridges Disconnects myosin bridges at end of power stroke Transports calcium back to sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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List the uses of atp in the sliding filament theory |
Energizes power stroke of myosin cross bridges Disconnects myosin bridges at end of power stroke Transports calcium back to sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Types of muscle contraction |
Concentric contraction- muscle shortens Eccentric contraction- muscle lengthens Isometric contraction - muscle stays same length |
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What are slow twitch muscle fibres and what are they used for |
Generate and relax tension slowly, have low levels of myosin ATPase, high levels of oxidative enzymes, RED OR DARK IN COLOUR .. Used for long distance running, cycling, swimming |
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What are fast twitch muscle fibres and what are they used for |
PALE IN COLOUR, high levels of myosin ATPase, ability to tense and relax quickly, large amounts of tension with low endurance levels.. Used for sprints power lifting |
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Four types of fibre types and characteristics |
1. Slow oxidative (SO)- generate energy slowly, aerobic processes 2A. Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)- allow high speed energy release, some glycolytic capacity 3. Fast glycolytic intermediate (FIG) - fibres that don't fit into FG categories, transition fibres 2B. Fast glycolytic (FG) - stir glycogen and high levels of enzymes, allow for quick contractions, anaerobic |
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Distribution of fibre types (2) |
Tonic muscles - assist maintaining posture and stability during activities, eg soleus (mostly type 1/SO)
Phasic muscles- used for actual movements, eg biceps (mostly type 2A and B/ FOG and FG) |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Parts of nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord, includes spinal nerves and cranial nerves |
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Afferent vs efferent |
Efferent- carry out actions/message from CNS to muscle Afferent- signal from stimulus to CNS |
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Autonomic nervous system and its sub categories |
Involuntary muscle contractions, cardiac and smooth muscle
Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic systems: Sympathetic = freaking out Parasympathetic = calm down |
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Proprioceptors |
Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles (both tell nervous system about the state of muscle contraction) |
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Stretch reflex |
Mono synaptic (single connection), eg tapping patellar tendon = knee jerk |
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Reciprocal inhibition |
With stretch reflex, as you stretch hamstring the quads relax |
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Withdrawal reflex |
Polysynaptic , withdrawal of body part from painful stimulus eg hand off of stove |
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Crossed extensor reflex |
Poly synaptic, when limb compensates for load on the other |
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What is the computer system of the cns |
Brain |
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What is the computer system of the cns |
Brain |
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The cns is composed of |
Brain and spine |
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What is the computer system of the cns |
Brain |
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The cns is composed of |
Brain and spine |
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Sensory nerves are also called |
Afferent nerves |
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efferent nerves are also called |
Motor neuron |
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efferent nerves are also called |
Motor neuron |
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The lower portion of the spine is called the |
Cauda equina |
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What reflexes are mediated by the ANS and usually involve the activation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
Sympathetic |
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Muscles originating on medial epicondyle of humerus do what |
Flex |
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Muscles originating on lateral epicondyle of humerus do what |
Extend |
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Tricep work with the |
Brachioradialis |
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Bicep works with the |
Brachialis |
