Kidney

Front 1

Kidney consists of two zones known as;

Back 1

Cortex and Medulla

Front 2

Another word for a renal column

Back 2

Bertin

Front 3

What can be found within the medulla and what is the tip of this structure known as

Back 3

Medullary pyramid and papilla

Front 4

Parenchymal unit of the kidney

Back 4

Nephron

Front 5

Describe the kidney vasculature

Back 5

Renal artery

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

Interlobular artery

Afferent arteriole

Glomerular capilaries

Efferent arteriole

Interlobular vein

Arcuate vein

Interlobar vein

Renal vein

Front 6

Where can the arcuate arteries be found in the kidney

Back 6

Corticomeduallary junction

Front 7

No anastomoses with neighbouring arteries

Back 7

Interlobular arteries

Front 8

Renal microcirculation consists of _ capilary systems

Back 8

Two

Front 9

What can be found directly after the afferent arteriole

Back 9

Glomerular tuft

Front 10

What is the function of the glomerular tuft?

Back 10

Filtration of waste products

Front 11

NB to know of the glomerular tuft

Back 11

Does not take up or exchange O2 or CO2

Front 12

What can be found directly after the glomerular tuft

Back 12

Efferent arteriole

Front 13

What can be found directly after the efferent arteriole

Back 13

A complex cappilary system that runs between the tubules

Front 14

Efferent arterioles devide into ____ that is ___ vessels that run into the ____.

Back 14

Vasa recta ; long thin-walled ; medulla

Front 15

What is the function of vasa recta

Back 15

Ionic and fluid exchange

Front 16

Functional component of the kidney

Back 16

The nephron

Front 17

What is the two main components of the nephron

Back 17

Glomerulus & Cortical and Medullary tubular systems

Front 18

With what cappilary system is the glomerulus assossiated

Back 18

1st

Front 19

With what capillary system is the cotical and meduallry ubular systems assossiated

Back 19

2nd

Front 20

Where does the afferent arteriole enter the glomerulus

Back 20

Vascular pole

Front 21

How many branches do the afferent arteriole split into at the vascualr pole

Back 21

5 branches

Front 22

Where does the single efferent arteriole leave the glomerulus

Back 22

Vascular pole

Front 23

What covers the glomerular cappilaries

Back 23

Bowman's capsule

Front 24

Describe the cells of bowman's capsule

Back 24

Flat simple, near opening more cuboidal

Front 25

What lines the cappilaries internally

Back 25

Endothelial cells

Front 26

Cells that coat the glomerular cappilary tuft inside bowman's capsule

Back 26

Podocytes

Front 27

What can be found between the cells of cappilary and bowman's capsule

Back 27

Urinary space

Front 28

Explain the steps of filtration

Back 28

Blood enters via the afferent arteriole

Ultrafiltration of blood at the capillary network

Filtrate pass into urinary space and then pass down te tubules

Blood leaves viathe efferent arteriole and flows on to provide O2 blood to tubular systems

Front 29

Glomerular filtration barrier consists of

Back 29

1. Cappilary endothelial layer

2. Glomerular capillary basement membrane

3. Podocytes

Front 30

Describe the three zones of the glomerular basement membrane

Back 30

1. Central electron dense lamina densa

2. Electron- lucent lamina rara interna (Endothelial layer)

3. Electron-lucent lamina rara externa (Urinary space)

Front 31

Podocytes are ____ ____.

Back 31

Spesialised epithelium

Front 32

Podocytes send down ____ extensions which make contact with the ______.

Back 32

Cytoplasmic ; Basement membrane

Front 33

What do podocytes create with their foot like processes?

Back 33

Filtration slits

Front 34

Where is mesangium present

Back 34

Where podocytes cannot reach

Front 35

Name the four important functions of mesangium:

Back 35

1. Support the loop system

2.Control blood flow in the loop system

3. Phagocytic function

4. Maintain the BM

Front 36

What is caracteristic in cells of the proximal convoluted tubule

Back 36

Columnar with many mitochondria ----> Cuboidal with less mitochondria (NB also contain microvilli)

Front 37

What cell types are found in the thin limbs of the loop of Henle

Back 37

Flat epithelium

Front 38

How do cells of the distal convoluted tubule look

Back 38

Cuboidal with less microvilli

Front 39

What hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule

Back 39

ADH (Aldosterone)

Front 40

Name the two cell types that line the collecting tubules

Back 40

Clear cells and intercallated dark cells

Front 41

What is themost important function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 41

Maintain the blood pressure and volume by renin production

Front 42

Name the three components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 42

1. Renin-producing cells in the walls of the efferent and afferent arterioles

2.Lacis cells

3.Macula densa

Front 43

Describe a renin producing cell and name two fnctions thereof

Back 43

It resembles myoepithelium and contains neuroendocrine granules (1&2), also produce renin

Front 44

What is the lacis cells a network of

Back 44

interwowen processes

Front 45

What tubule does the macula densa form part of

Back 45

Distal convoluted tubule

Front 46

Descibe the macula densa cells

Back 46

Tall tightly packed epithelial cells

Front 47

What is the function of the macula densa cells?

Back 47

Sensoring the bp

Front 48

Briefly discuss the Renin-Angiotensin aldosterone system

Back 48

Renin converts Angiotensin to Angiotensin 1

Angiotensin 1 is converted to Angiotensin 2, which stimulates the release of aldosterone

Front 49

What is the functional entity of the lower urinary tract

Back 49

Reservoir for the urine

Front 50

Name the 5 components of the lower urinary tract

Back 50

1. Collecting tubule

2. Renal pelvis

3. Ureter

4. Bladder

5. Urethra

Front 51

What is the name of the spesialized epithelium lining the lower urinary tract

Back 51

Urothelium

Front 52

How does the urothelium look in a distended and non-distended bladder?

Back 52

Distended - 2-3 flat layered cells

Non-distended - Compact cuboidal basal layer, polygonal middle layer and umbrella cell top layer

Front 53

What cells are present in the ureter?

Back 53

Smooth muscle cells

Front 54

Describe the three muscle layers of the bladder

Back 54

Inner layer - continous with longitudinal ureter layer

Middle layer - Circular ureter layer

Additional outer layer - Longitudinal layer

Front 55

How long is the urethra in females?

Back 55

5cm

Front 56

Cells found in the urethra of women?

Back 56

Stratified sqaumous epithelium with few mucus glands

Front 57

How long is the urethra in the male?

Back 57

20 - 25 cm

Front 58

With what is the urethra in males lined?

Back 58

Proximal with urothelium

Then non-spesialised pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Distal with stratified sqaumous