Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
302 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Module 1- chatpers 1&2
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
anthropology (p. 3) The study of human nature, human society, human language, and the human past.
|
|
|
|
applied anthropology (p. 15) The subfield of anthropology in which anthropologists use information gathered from the other anthropological specialties to solve practical cross-cultural problems.
|
|
|
|
archaeology (p. 14) The specialty of anthropology that studies the human past by analyzing material remains left behind by earlier societies.
|
|
|
|
biocultural organisms (p. 5) Organisms (in this case, human beings) whose defining features are codetermined by biological and cultural factors.
|
|
|
|
biological anthropology (or physical anthropology) (p. 8) The specialty of anthropology that looks at human beings as biological organisms and tries to discover what characteristics make them different from other organisms and what characteristics they share.
|
|
|
|
comparison (p. 4) A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to study similarities and differences across as many human societies as possible before generalizing about human beings and their activities.
|
|
|
|
cultural anthropology (p. 9) The specialty of anthropology that shows how variation in the beliefs and behaviours of members of different human groups is shaped by sets of learned behaviours and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society— that is, by culture.
|
|
|
|
culture (p. 5) Sets of learned behaviour and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society.
|
|
|
|
ethnography (p. 11) An anthropologist’s written or otherwise recorded description of a particular culture.
|
|
|
|
ethnology (p. 11) The comparative study of two or more cultures. Anthropology, Canadian Edition © Oxford University Press Canada, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
evolution (p. 4) A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that requires anthropologists to place their observations about human beings and their activities in a temporal framework that takes into consideration change over time.
|
|
|
|
fieldwork (p. 11) An extended period of close involvement with the people in whose way of life anthropologists are interested, during which anthropologists ordinarily collect most of their data.
|
|
|
|
gender (p. 10) The cultural construction of beliefs and behaviours considered appropriate for each sex.
|
|
|
|
holism (p. 3) A characteristic of the anthropological perspective that describes, at the highest and most inclusive level, how anthropology tries to integrate all that is known about human beings and their activities.
|
|
|
|
informants (p. 11) People in a particular culture who work with anthropologists and provide them with insights about the local way of life. Also called respondents, collaborators, teachers, or friends.
|
|
|
|
language (p. 12) The system of arbitrary vocal symbols used to encode one’s experience of the world and of others.
|
|
|
|
linguistic anthropology (p. 12) The specialty of anthropology concerned with the study of human languages.
|
|
|
|
material culture (p. 14) Objects created or shaped by humans and given meaning through cultural practices.
|
|
|
|
medical anthropology (p. 16) The specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health—the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human populations deal with disease or illness.
|
|
|
|
paleoanthropology (p. 8) The study of human fossils and associated remains to understand our evolutionary history.
|
|
|
|
primatology (p. 8) The study of non-human primates, the closest living relatives of human beings.
|
|
|
|
races (p. 6) Social groupings that allegedly reflect biological differences.
|
|
|
|
racism (p. 8) The systematic oppression of members of one or more socially defined “races” by members of another socially defined “race” that is justified in terms of the supposed inherent bio- logical superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent bio- logical inferiority of those they rule.
|
|
|
|
sex (p. 10) Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
coevolution (p. 27) The interconnected relationship between biological processes and symbolic cultural processes, in which each makes up an important part of the environment to which the other must adapt.
|
|
|
|
colonization (p. 38) The act of settling a region, establishing control over the Indigenous peoples who live there, and appropriating local lands and resources for one’s use.
|
|
|
|
cultural relativism (p. 30) Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living.
|
|
|
|
enculturation (p. 22) The process by which humans living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures.
|
|
|
|
ethnocentrism (p. 29) The opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only true way of being fully human.
|
|
|
|
holism (p. 26) A perspective on the human condition that assumes that mind and body, individuals and society, and individuals and the environment interpenetrate and even define one another.
|
|
|
|
hominins (p. 24) Humans and their immediate ancestors.
|
|
|
|
human agency (p. 25) Human beings’ ability to exercise of at least some control over their lives.
|
|
|
|
socialization (p. 22) The process by which humans as material organisms, living together with other similar organisms, cope with the behavioural rules established by their respective societies.
|
|
|
|
symbol (p. 23) Something that stands for something else. A symbol often signals the presence of an important domain of experience.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODULE 3
|
|
|
|
adaptation (p. 52) The shaping of a useful feature of an organism by natural selection for the func-tion it now performs.
|
|
|
|
alleles (p. 56) All the different forms that a particular gene might take.
|
|
|
|
aptation (p. 52) The shaping of any useful feature of an organism, regardless of that feature’s origin.
|
|
|
|
chromosomes (p. 54) Sets of paired bodies in the nucleus of cells that are made of DNA and con-tain the hereditary genetic information that organisms pass on to their offspring.
|
|
|
|
common ancestry (p. 50) Darwin’s claim that similar living species must all have had a common ancestor.
|
|
|
|
continuous variation (p. 56) A pattern of variation involving polygeny in which phenotypic traits grade imperceptibly from one member of the population to another without sharp breaks.
|
|
|
|
discontinuous variation (p. 56) A pattern of phenotypic variation in which the phenotype (e.g., flower colour) exhibits sharp breaks from one member of the population to the next.
|
|
|
|
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (p. 60) The structure that carries the genetic heritage of an organism as a kind of blueprint for the organism’s construction and development.
|
|
|
|
evolution (p. 44) The process of change over time.
|
|
|
|
evolutionary theory (p. 44) The set of testable hypotheses that assert that living organisms can change over time and give rise to new kinds of organisms, with the result that all organisms ultimate-ly share a common ancestry.
|
|
|
|
exaptation (p. 52) The shaping of a useful feature of an organism by natural selection to perform one function and the later reshaping of that feature by different selection pressures to perform a new function.
|
|
|
|
gene (p. 56) The portion or portions of the DNA molecule that code for proteins that shape pheno-typic traits.
|
|
|
|
genetics (p. 56) The scientific study of biological heredity.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
genome (p. 60) The sum total of all the genetic information about an organism, carried on the chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
|
|
|
|
genotype (p. 61) The genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organism’s DNA.
|
|
|
|
genus (p. 46) The level of the Linnaean taxonomy in which different species are grouped together on the basis of their similarities to one another. In modern taxonomies, genus is ranked between family (less specific) and species (more specific.
|
|
|
|
heterozygous (p. 56) Describes a fertilized egg that receives a different particle (or allele) from each parent for the same trait.
|
|
|
|
homozygous (p. 56) Describes a fertilized egg that receives the same particle (or allele) from each parent for a particular trait.
|
|
|
|
meiosis (p. 54) The way sex cells make copies of themselves, which begins like mitosis, with chro-mosome duplication and the formation of two daughter cells. However, each daughter cell then di-vides again without chromosome duplication and, as a result, contains only a single set of chromo-somes rather than the paired set typical of body cells.
|
|
|
|
Mendelian inheritance (p. 54) The view that heredity is based on non-blending, single-particle ge-netic inheritance.
|
|
|
|
mitosis (p. 54) The way body cells make copies of themselves. The pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell duplicate and line up along the centre of the cell. The cell then divides, each daughter cell taking one full set of paired chromosomes.
|
|
|
|
mutation (p. 59) The creation of a new allele for a gene when the portion of the DNA molecule to which it corresponds is suddenly altered.
|
|
|
|
natural selection (p. 50) A two-step, mechanistic explanation of how descent with modification takes place: (1) every generation, variant individuals are generated within a species because of gen- etic mutation, and (2) those variant individuals best suited to the current environment survive and produce more offspring than do other variants.
|
|
|
|
niche construction (p. 62) When organisms actively perturb the environment in ways that modify the selection pressures experienced by subsequent generations of organisms.
|
|
|
|
norm of reaction (p. 62) A table or graph that displays the possible range of phenotypic outcomes for a given genotype in different environments.
|
|
|
|
pangenesis (p. 54) A theory of heredity suggesting that an organism’s physical traits are passed on from one generation to the next in the form of multiple distinct particles given off by all parts of the organism, different proportions of which get passed on to offspring via sperm or egg.
|
|
|
|
phenotype (p. 61) The observable, measurable, overt characteristics of an organism.
|
|
|
|
pleiotropy (p. 56) The phenomenon whereby a single gene may affect more than one phenotypic trait.
|
|
|
|
polygeny (p. 56) The phenomenon whereby many genes are responsible for producing a phenotypic trait, such as skin colour.
|
|
|
|
principle of independent assortment (p. 55) A principle of Mendelian inheritance in which each pair of particles (genes) separates independently of every other pair when germ cells (egg and sperm) are formed.
|
|
|
|
principle of segregation (p. 55) A principle of Mendelian inheritance in which an individual gets one particle (gene) for each trait (i.e., one-half of the required pair) from each parent.
|
|
|
|
species (p. 46) For Linnaeus, a species is a Platonic “natural kind” defined in terms of its essence. For modern biologists, a species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature.
|
|
|
|
taxonomy (p. 46) In biology, a classification system used to organize various kinds of organisms.
|
|
|
|
variational evolution (p. 51) The Darwinian theory of evolution, which assumes that variant members of a species respond differently to environmental challenges. Those variants that are more successful (“fitter”) survive and reproduce more offspring, who inherit the traits that made their parents fit.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODULE 4
|
|
|
|
Acheulean tradition (p. 134) A Lower Paleolithic stone-tool tradition associated with Homo erectus Anthropology, Canadian Edition © Oxford University Press Canada, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and characterized by stone bifaces, or “hand.”
|
|
|
|
anatomically modern human beings (p. 145) Hominins assigned to the species Homo sapiens with anatomical features similar to those of living human populations: short and round skulls, small brow ridges and faces, prominent chins, and gracile skeletal build.
|
|
|
|
archaic Homo sapiens (p. 137) Hominins dating from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago that possessed morphological features found in both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
|
|
|
|
australopiths (p. 118) An informal term used to refer to all hominins that appeared before those of the genus Homo.
|
|
|
|
bipedalism (p. 118) Walking on two feet.
|
|
|
|
blades (p. 148) Sharp-edged stone tools that are at least twice as long as they are wide.
|
|
|
|
composite tools (p. 148) Tools such as bows and arrows in which several different materials are combined (e.g., stone, wood, bone, ivory, antler) to produce the final working implement.
|
|
|
|
cranial capacity (p. 126) The size of the braincase.
|
|
|
|
Denisovians (p. 147) A population of Pleistocene hominins known only from ancient DNA recovered from two tiny, 41,000-year-old fossils deposited in Denisova Cave in Siberia. Denisovans and Neanderthals are thought to share a common ancestor that left Africa 500,000 years ago. Parts of the Denisovan genome resemble the genomes of modern humans from New Guinea.
|
|
|
|
Early Stone Age (ESA) (p. 134) The name given to the period of Oldowan and Acheulean stone-tool traditions in Africa.
|
|
|
|
Homo (p. 129) The genus to which taxonomists assign large-brained hominins approximately 2 million years old and younger.
|
|
|
|
Homo erectus (p. 132) The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.3 mya.
|
|
|
|
intrusions (p. 144) Artifacts made by more recent populations that find their way into more ancient strata as the result of natural forces.
|
|
|
|
Late Stone Age (LSA) (p. 148) The name given to the period of highly elaborate stone-tool traditions in Africa in which blades were important, 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
|
|
|
|
Middle Stone Age (MSA) (p. 142) The name given to the period of Mousterian stone-tool tradition in Africa, 200,000 to 40,000 years ago.
|
|
|
|
mosaic evolution (p. 118) A process of change over time in which different phenotypic traits, responding to different selection pressures, may evolve at different rates.
|
|
|
|
Mousterian tradition (p. 142) A Middle Paleolithic stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals in Europe and southwestern Asia and with anatomically modern human beings in Africa.
|
|
|
|
Neanderthals (p. 139) An archaic species of Homo that lived in Europe and western Asia 230,000 to 27,000 years ago.
|
|
|
|
Oldowan tradition (p. 130) A stone-tool tradition named after the Olduvai Gorge (in Tanzania), where the first specimens of the oldest human tools were found.
|
|
|
|
omnivorous (p. 119) Eating a wide range of plant and animal foods.
|
|
|
|
regional continuity model (p. 139) The hypothesis that evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred gradually through- out the traditional range of H. erectus.
|
|
|
|
replacement model (p. 139) The hypothesis that only one subpopulation of Homo erectus, probably located in Africa, underwent a rapid spurt of evolution to produce Homo sapiens 200,000 to 100,000 years ago. After that time, H. sapiens would itself have multiplied and dispersed, gradually populating the globe and eventually replacing any remaining populations of H. erectus or their descendants.
|
|
|
|
taphonomy (p. 130) The study of the various processes that objects undergo in the course of becoming part of the fossil and archaeological records.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODULE 5
|
|
|
|
acclimatization (p. 81) A change in the way the body functions in response to physical stress.
|
|
|
|
adaptation (p. 81) The mutual shaping of organisms and their environments.
|
|
|
|
anagenesis (p. 90) The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time.
|
|
|
|
cladogenesis (p. 90) The birth of a variety of descendant species from a single ancestral species.
|
|
|
|
cline (p. 71) The gradual intergradation of genetic variation from population to population.
|
|
|
|
formal models (p. 87) Mathematical formulas to predict outcomes of particular kinds of human interactions under different hypothesized conditions.
|
|
|
|
gene flow (p. 76) The exchange of genes that occurs when a given population experiences a sudden expansion due to in-migration of outsiders from another population of the species.
|
|
|
|
gene frequency (p. 70) The frequency of occurrence of the variants of particular genes (i.e., of alleles) within the gene pool.
|
|
|
|
gene pool (p. 70) All the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species (or a population of a species).
|
|
|
|
genetic drift (p. 76) Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size as a result of disaster, disease, or the out-migration of a small subgroup from a larger population.
|
|
|
|
macroevolution (p. 69) A subfield of evolutionary studies that focuses on long-term evolutionary changes, especially the origins of new species and their diversification across space and over millions of years of geological time.
|
|
|
|
microevolution (p. 69) A subfield of evolutionary studies that devotes attention to short-term evolutionary changes that occur within a given species over relatively few generations of ecological time.
|
|
|
|
phenotypic plasticity (p. 80) Physiological flexibility that allows organisms to respond to environmental stresses, such as temperature changes.
|
|
|
|
phyletic gradualism (p. 90) A theory arguing that one species gradually transforms itself into a new species over time, yet the actual boundary between species can never be detected but only drawn arbitrarily.
|
|
|
|
polymorphous (p. 71) Describes alleles that come in a range of different forms.
|
|
|
|
population genetics (p. 70) A field that uses statistical analysis to study short-term evolutionary change in large populations.
|
|
|
|
punctuated equilibrium (p. 91) A theory claiming that most of evolutionary history has been characterized by relatively stable species coexisting in an equilibrium that is occasionally punctuated by sudden bursts of speciation, when extinctions are widespread and many new species appear.
|
|
|
|
species selection (p. 91) A process in which natural selection is seen to operate among variant, related species within a single genus, family, or order.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODULE 6 TERMS
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
archaeological record (p. 167) All material objects and structures created by humans and our hominin ancestors.
|
|
|
|
artifacts (p. 168) Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by humans or our hominin ancestors.
|
|
|
|
assemblage (p. 174) Artifacts and structures from a particular time and place in an archaeological site.
|
|
|
|
band (p. 177) The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labour is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available.
|
|
|
|
chiefdom (p. 178) A form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.
|
|
|
|
ethnoarchaeology (p. 168) The study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record.
|
|
|
|
excavation (p. 172) The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them.
|
|
|
|
features (p. 168) non-portable items created by humans, such as house walls or ditches.
|
|
|
|
feminist archaeology (p. 185) A research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions.
|
|
|
|
gender archaeology (p. 185) Archaeological research that draws on insights from contemporary gender studies to investigate how people come to recognize themselves as different from others, how people represent these differences, and how others react to such claims.
|
|
|
|
historical archaeology (p. 187) The study of archaeological sites associated with written records; frequently, the study of post- European contact sites.
|
|
|
|
provenance (p. 168) The three-dimensional position of an artifact within the matrix of an archaeological site.
|
|
|
|
MODULE 7
|
|
|
|
archaeological record (p. 167) All material objects and structures created by humans and our hominin ancestors.
|
|
|
|
artifacts (p. 168) Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by humans or our hominin ancestors.
|
|
|
|
assemblage (p. 174) Artifacts and structures from a particular time and place in an archaeological site.
|
|
|
|
band (p. 177) The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labour is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available.
|
|
|
|
chiefdom (p. 178) A form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.
|
|
|
|
ethnoarchaeology (p. 168) The study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record.
|
|
|
|
excavation (p. 172) The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them.
|
|
|
|
features (p. 168) non-portable items created by humans, such as house walls or ditches.
|
|
|
|
feminist archaeology (p. 185) A research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions.
|
|
|
|
gender archaeology (p. 185) Archaeological research that draws on insights from contemporary gender studies to investigate how people come to recognize themselves as different from others, how people represent these differences, and how others react to such claims.
|
|
|
|
historical archaeology (p. 187) The study of archaeological sites associated with written records; frequently, the study of post- European contact sites.
|
|
|
|
provenance (p. 168) The three-dimensional position of an artifact within the matrix of an archaeological site
|
|
|
|
site (p. 168) A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity.
|
|
|
|
sodalities (p. 178) Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, or personal interest.
|
|
|
|
state (p. 178) A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of govern- mental institutions designed to enforce laws and to collect taxes and tribute, is run by an elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force.
|
|
|
|
status (p. 178) A particular social position within a group.
|
|
|
|
subsistence strategy (p. 175) The ways that people in a particular society go about meeting their basic material survival needs.
|
|
|
|
survey (p. 169) The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found.
|
|
|
|
tribe (p. 178) A society that is generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm or herd for a living. Social relations in a tribe are still relatively egalitarian, although there may be a chief who speaks for the group or organizes certain group activities.
|
|
|
|
Module 8
|
|
|
|
body language (p. 237) Movements and postures that communicate attitudes and feelings non-verbally.
|
|
|
|
communicative competence (p. 246) A term coined by anthropological linguist Dell Hymes to refer to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech.
|
|
|
|
creole (p. 251) (1) A complex language with native speakers that has developed over one or more generations from two or more distinct languages. (2) A complex language that has developed from two or more distinct languages and that is used as a main language, whether or not it has native speakers.
|
|
|
|
discourse (p. 249) A stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme.
|
|
|
|
ethnopragmatics (p. 249) The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction.
|
|
|
|
grammar (p. 245) A set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by speakers of a particular language.
|
|
|
|
historical linguistics (p. 241) The study of relationships between languages and how they change over time.
|
|
|
|
kinesics (p. 238) The study of body movement, gestures, and facial expressions as a form of communication.
|
|
|
|
language (p. 237) The system or arbitrary symbols people use to encode their experience of the world and of others.
|
|
|
|
language ideology (p. 253) The marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it.
|
|
|
|
linguistic competence (p. 245) A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar.
|
|
|
|
linguistic relativity principle (p. 248) A position, associated with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, that asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world.
|
|
|
|
linguistics (p. 240) The scientific study of language.
|
|
|
|
native speaker (p. 241) A person who has spoken a particular language since early childhood.
|
|
|
|
non-verbal communication (p. 237) The process of sending and receiving messages without the use of words (e.g., through gestures, facial expressions, or non-verbal vocalizations).
|
|
|
|
pidgin (p. 250) (1) A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages. (2) A shared secondary language in a speech community in which speakers also use some other main language.
|
|
|
|
pragmatics (p. 248) The study of language in the context of its use.
|
|
|
|
proxemics (p. 240) The study of how different societies perceive and use space.
|
|
|
|
art (p. 274) Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation.
|
|
|
|
communitas (p. 284) An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage.
|
|
|
|
framing (p. 272) A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviours as “play” or as “ordinary life.”
|
|
|
|
liminality (p. 284) The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions.
|
|
|
|
magic (p. 291) A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes.
|
|
|
|
nativism (p. 296) A return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or a prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony.
|
|
|
|
oracles (p. 291) Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful.
|
|
|
|
orthodoxy (p. 280) “Correct doctrine”; the prohibition of deviation from approved theories and beliefs.
|
|
|
|
orthopraxy (p. 285) “Correct practice”; the prohibition deviation from approved forms of behaviour.
|
|
|
|
play (p. 271) A framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systematically related to what is non-play by alluding to the non-play world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the non-play world.
|
|
|
|
priest (p. 271) A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group.
|
|
|
|
reflexivity (p. 273) Critical thinking about the way one things; reflection on one’s own experience.
|
|
|
|
religion (p. 287) “Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses” (Bowen 2008).
|
|
|
|
revitalization (p. 295) A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis.
|
|
|
|
rites of passage (p. 283) A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another.
|
|
|
|
ritual (p. 282) A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities that is set off from the social routines of everyday life, adheres to a culturally defined ritual schema, and closely connects to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.
|
|
|
|
shaman (p. 290) A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups.
|
|
|
|
syncretism (p. 295) The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force.
|
|
|
|
witchcraft (p. 291) The performance of magic by human beings, often through innate supernatural powers, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware.
|
|
|
|
world views (p. 285) Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODULE 9
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
affluence (p. 314) The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.
|
|
|
|
capitalism (p. 305) An economic system dominated by the supply–demand–price mechanism called the “market”; an entire way of life that grew in response to and in service of that market.
|
|
|
|
commodity exchanges (p. 307) Impersonal economic exchanges typical of the capitalist market in which goods are exchanged for cash and exchange partners need have nothing further to do with one another.
|
|
|
|
consumption (p. 311) The use of material goods necessary for human survival.
|
|
|
|
economic anthropology (p. 303) The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living.
|
|
|
|
gift exchanges (p. 307) Non-capitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require a return gift.
|
|
|
|
institutions (p. 305) Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life.
|
|
|
|
labour (p. 309) The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; from the point of view of Karl Marx, labour is therefore always social labour.
|
|
|
|
market exchange (p. 308) The exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried out by means of a supply–demand– price mechanism (the market).
|
|
|
|
means of production (p. 308) The tools, sills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature.
|
|
|
|
mode of exchange (p. 309) Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
|
|
|
|
neoclassical economics (p. 306) A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution.
|
|
|
|
reciprocity (p. 307) The exchange of goods and services of equal value. Anthropologists distinguish three forms of reciprocity: generalized, in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified; balanced, in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit; and negative, in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing.
|
|
|
|
redistribution (p. 307) A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way as to provide for every group member.
|
|
|
|
relations of production (p. 309) The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production.
|
|
|
|
social organization (p. 303) The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members.
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
biopower (p. 331) Forms of power preoccupied with bodies—both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself.
|
|
|
|
domination (p. 327) Ruling with coercive force.
|
|
|
|
free agency (p. 327) The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance.
|
|
|
|
governmentality (p. 331) The act of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state.
|
|
|
|
hegemony (p. 328) The persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers’ privileged position.
|
|
|
|
ideology (p. 327) A world view that justifies the social arrangements under which people live.
|
|
|
|
political anthropology (p. 325) The study of social power in human society.
|
|
|
|
power (p. 325) Transformative capacity; the ability to transform a given situation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MODULE 10
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
achieved statuses (p. 360) Social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people’s) effort.
|
|
|
|
adoption (p. 349) Kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.
|
|
|
|
affinity (p. 359) Connection through marriage.
|
|
|
|
ascribed statuses (p. 360) Social positions people are assigned at birth.
|
|
|
|
avunculocal residence (p. 366) A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple live with (or near) the husband’s mother’s brother (from avuncular, “of uncles”).
|
|
|
|
bifurcation (p. 359) A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which kinship terms referring to the mother’s side of the family are distinguished from those referring to the father’s side.
|
|
|
|
bilateral descent (p. 352) The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and their fathers equally (sometimes called cognatic descent).
|
|
|
|
blended family (p. 375) A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families.
|
|
|
|
bridewealth (p. 356) The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labour and childbearing capacities.
|
|
|
|
clan (p. 354) A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links.
|
|
|
|
colleraterality (p. 359) A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are “off to one side,” linked to the speaker by a lineal relative.
|
|
|
|
conjugal family (p. 371) A family based on marriage; at a minimum, a spousal pair and their children.
|
|
|
|
consanguineal relationships (p. 364) Kinship connections based on descent.
|
|
|
|
cross cousins (p. 359) The children of a person’s parents’ opposite-gender siblings (a father’s sister’s children or a mother’s brother’s children).
|
|
|
|
descent (p. 349) The principle based on culturally recognized parent–child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.
|
|
|
|
dowry (p. 369) The wealth transferred, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of a woman’s marriage.
|
|
|
|
endogamy (p. 364) Marriage within a specified social group.
|
|
|
|
exogamy (p. 364) Marriage outside a defined social group.
|
|
|
|
extended family (p. 373) A family pattern made up of three generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren.
|
|
|
|
family (p. 371) Minimally, a woman and her dependent children.
|
|
|
|
friendship (p. 378) The relatively “unofficial” bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice.
|
|
|
|
joint family (p. 373) A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together.
|
|
|
|
kinship systems (p. 349) Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.
|
|
|
|
lineages (p. 353) The consanguineal members of descent groups who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors.
|
|
|
|
marriage (p. 349) An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.
|
|
|
|
matrilineage (p. 353) A social group formed by people connected by mother–child links.
|
|
|
|
matrilocal residence (p. 366) A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the wife’s mother.
|
|
|
|
monogamy (p. 367) A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time.
|
|
|
|
neolocal residence (p. 364) A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing.
|
|
|
|
non-conjugal family (p. 371) A woman and her children; the husband/father may be occasionally present or completely absent.
|
|
|
|
nuclear family (p. 371) A family pattern made up of two generations: the parents and their unmarried children.
|
|
|
|
parallel cousins (p. 359) The children of a person’s parents’ same-gender siblings (a father’s brother’s children or a mother’s sister’s children).
|
|
|
|
patrilineage (p. 353) A social group formed by people connected by father–child links.
|
|
|
|
patrilocal residence (p. 366) A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) her husband’s father.
|
|
|
|
polyandry (p. 367) A marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
|
|
|
|
polygamy (p. 367) A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time.
|
|
|
|
polygyny (p. 367) A marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one spouse at a time.
|
|
|
|
relatedness (p. 349) The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways.
|
|
|
|
segmentary opposition (p. 355) A mode of hierarchical social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level.
|
|
|
|
sexual practices (p. 379) Emotional or affectional relationships between sexual partners and the physical activities they engage in with one another.
|
|
|
|
unilineal descent (p. 352) The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through either their mothers or their fathers.
|
|
|
|
MODULE 11
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
caste (p. 399) A ranked social group within a hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibit-ing individuals to move from one caste to another.
|
|
|
|
clientage (p. 398) The institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in a stratified soci-ety.
|
|
|
|
colourism (p. 408) A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colours between white and black.
|
|
|
|
ethnic groups (p. 410) Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of ethnic-ity.
|
|
|
|
ethnicity (p. 410) A principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress. Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incor-porate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality.
|
|
|
|
nation (p. 415) A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance.
|
|
|
|
nation building (or nationalism) (p. 415) The attempt made by government officials to instil into the citizens of a state a sense of nationality
|
|
|
|
nationality (p. 415) A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state.
|
|
|
|
nation-state (p. 415) An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide.
|
|
|
|
naturalizing discourses (p. 418) The deliberate representation of particular identities (e.g. caste, class, race, ethnicity, and nationality) as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, making them appear eternal and unchanging.
|
|
|
|
structural violence (p. 394) Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population.
|
|
|
|
transformist hegemony (p. 416) A nationalist program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features from subordi-nated groups to ensure their loyalty.
|
|
|
|
Key Terms
|
|
|
|
cosmopolitanism(p. 457) Being at ease in more than one cultural setting.
|
|
|
|
cultural hybridization (or hybridity)(p. 455) Cultural mixing.
|
|
|
|
cultural imperialism (p. 453) The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power
|
|
|
|
diaspora (p. 441) Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building.
|
|
|
|
flexible citizenship (p. 443) The strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries and seek both to circumvent and to benefit from different nation-state regimes.
|
|
|
|
friction (p. 457) The awkward, unequal, unstable aspects of interconnection across difference.
|
|
|
|
globalization (p. 434) Reshaping of local conditions by powerful regimes on an ever-intensifying scale.
|
|
|
|
human rights (p. 444) Powers, privileges, or material resources to which people everywhere, by virtue of being human, are justly entitled.
|
|
|
|
legal citizenship (p. 443) The rights and obligations of citizenship accorded by the laws of the state.
|
|
|
|
long-distance nationalists (p. 441) Members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own.
|
|
|
|
multiculturalism (p. 444) Living permanently in setting surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from one’s own and struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices of different groups should or should not be accorded respect and recognition by the wider society.
|
|
|
|
postnational ethos (p. 444) An attitude toward the world in which people submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states.
|
|
|
|
substantive citizenship (p. 443) The actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to assert their membership in a state and to bring about political changes that will improve their lives.
|
|
|
|
transborder citizenry (p. 441) A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship.
|
|
|
|
transborder state(p. 441) A form of state in which it is claimed that people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state.
|
|
|
|
transnational nation-state (p. 443) A nation-state in which the relationship between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside.
|
|
