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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Renal calculi (Nephrolithiasis aka kidney stones)
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Crystal aggregates located in the urinary tract. Urinary supersaturation and/or stasis are common causes of calculi. Calculi also have a noncrystalline organic matrix. The most common type is calcium oxalate. Struvite stones form a staghorn. Increased water intake and shockwave therapy are common treatments. Calculi greater than 7mm need interventions.
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Glomerulopathies
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Alterations in the structure and function of glomerular capillary circulation. Common cause of end stage renal disease. May be primary (only kidneys effected) or secondary (multi-system involvement or vascular disease). Glomerular involvement may be diffuse or focal. Lesions may be global or segmental. Immune mediated.
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Goodpasture syndrome
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Secondary glomerulopathy. Effects the basement membranes in both the glomeruli and alveoli. Autoimmune disorder that involves anti-GBM antibodies. Treated with plasmapheresis, corticosteroids, or immunosupression.
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Nephrotic syndrome
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Protein loss greater than 3 - 3.5g in 24h due to glomerular damage. Hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, edema, and risk for thrombus formation.
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Nephritic syndrome
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Inflammation of the glomeruli. Presents with hematuria and RBC casts on urinalysis.
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Acute glomerulonephritis
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Inflammatory glomerulopathies that are characterized by the abrupt onset of hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension. A b-hemolytic streptococci may cause post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis, antibody deposition in the glomeruli mediated by IgG. Smokey or coffee colored urine is the most common finding. Reduced GFR and increased creatinine and BUN.
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Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
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Most common primary glomerulonephritis. More common among adults. May progress to ESRD. Triggered by respiratory or GI infections.
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Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) aka crescentic glomerulonephritis
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Ccrescent-shaped depositions of accumulated epithelial cells, fibrin, and macrophages in Bowman space. May be a primary disease or caused by infection, drug exposure, or multisystem disease.
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Membranous nephropathy (MN)
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Immune deposits and unidentified antigens collect in the subepithelium of the distal portion of the basement membrane and produce a membranous thickening. May lead to spontaneous remission or ESRD.
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
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Most common cause of primary (idiopathic) nephrotic syndrome in ADULTS. Not all glomeruli are effected (focal) and only a portion of those effected are involved (segmental). Proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, and azotemia. Frequently leads to ESRD.
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Minimal change disease (MCD) aka lipoid nephrosis
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Most common cause of primary (idiopathic) nephrotic syndrome in CHILDREN. Triggered by allergic or immune condition. Altered structure of podocytes leads to extreme loss of albumin. Treated with corticosteroids.
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Renal agenesis
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Failure of one or both kidneys to develop embryonically. May be bilateral (incompatible with life) or unilateral.
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Renal hypoplasia
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Incomplete development of the kidneys. Frequently leads to ESRD. May cause death when kidneys are effected bilaterally, of may not present until later in life.
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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)
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Typically discovered in the neonatal period. Manifests as uniformly enlarged kidneys. May be fatal when paired with pulmonary hypoplasia.
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Autosomal dominant polycistic kidney disease (ADPKD)
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Typically presents later in life and involves both kidneys. Manifests as enlarged kidneys. frequently leads to ESRD. Pain is the most frequent complaint. HTN occurs late in the disease process. Renal calculi may develop. Treatment is supportive focused on managing BP.
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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
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Most common form of renal cancer. Usually asymptomatic until well advanced. Diagnosed with ultrasound and treated with nephrectomy. Includes clear cell RCC which stems from cells in the proximal tubule and are usually unilateral. Papillary RCC stems from cells in the distal tubule and is less likely to metastasize. Chromophobe RCC originates from the renal parenchyma. Medullary and collecting duct RCCs are rare.
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Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
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Most common renal cancer in children. embryonic pluripotent kidney precursor cells. Characterized by nephrogenic rests, palpable abdominal mass with pain, HTN, and hematuria. Diagnosed with ultrasound or CT. Treated with nephrectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy.
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Pyelonephritis (general)
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Infection of the renal parenchyma, pelvis, and calices. Usually caused by E. coli from an ascending UTI, but may also occur from the blood or lymphatics. Women are at increased risk for infection.
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Acute pyelonephritis
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Kidney infection. Risk factors include pregnancy, tract abnormalities, obstruction, and diabetes. Usually unilateral involving the right kidney. Presents with UTI symptoms and GI effects. May lead to urosepsis. Diagnosed through urinalysis which shows WBCs RBCs and nitrites.
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Chronic pyelonephritis
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Kidney infection. Characterized by small atrophied kidneys with diffuse scarring and blunting of the calices. Usually caused by urine reflux into the renal pelvis. Diagnosed with urinalysis and ultrasound. Symptoms tend to be vague.
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