Karen Horney

Front 1

- Horney agreed with Freud, in principle, about the importance of the early years of childhood in shaping the adult personality. - Horney thought childhood was dominated by the safety need, by which she meant the need for security and freedom from fear.

- A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child. - Horney suggested that children know whether their parents’ love is genuine. - Horney placed great emphasis on the infant’s

Back 1

- Children's sense of helplessness depends on their parents’ behavior. - Children can easily be made to feel fearful of their parents through punishment, physical abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation. - Paradoxically, love can be another reason for repressing hostility toward parents.

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- Guilt is yet another reason children repress hostility. - They are often made to feel guilty about any hostility or rebelliousness - This repressed hostility, resulting from a variety of parental behaviors, under- mines the childhood need for safety, and is manifested in the condition Horney called .

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Basic anxiety

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Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world”l In Horney’s words, we feel “small, insignificant, helpless, deserted, endangered, in a world that is out to abuse, cheat, attack, humiliate,

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The Foundation of Neurosis

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In child- hood we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four ways:

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- Securing affection and love Being- submissive - Attaining power - Withdrawing

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The person is saying, in effect, “If you love me, you will not hurt me

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By securing affection and love

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a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes either of one particular person or of everyone in our social environment.

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Being submissive

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over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority.

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By attaining power

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not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs.

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Protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people

- The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs

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Horney proposed have a single goal: to defend against basic anxiety. They motivate the person to seek security and reassurance rather than happiness or pleasure. They are a defense against pain, not a pursuit of well-being.

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Self protective mechanisms

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Another characteristic of these self-protective mechanisms is their power and intensity.

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Often, the neurotic will pursue the search for safety and security by using more than one of these mechanisms and the incompatibility among the four mechanisms can lay the groundwork for additional problems.

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Self-protective mechanisms Irrational defenses against anxiety. Becomes a permanent part of the personality

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Neurotic needs

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10 Neurotic Needs

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--

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desires to be liked, to please other people, and meet the expectations of other

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1. Affection and approval

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the need to be centered on a partner.

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2. A dominant partner

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individuals with this need seek power for its own sake

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3. Power

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These individuals view others in terms of what can be gained through association with them.

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4. Exploitation

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Individuals with a need for prestige value themselves in terms of public recognition and acclaim

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5. Prestige

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Individuals with a neurotic need for personal admiration are narcissistic and have an exaggerated self-perception.

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6. Admiration

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These individuals fear failure and feel a constant need to accomplish more than other people and to top even their own earlier successes

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7. Achievements or ambition

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These individuals exhibit a “loner” mentality, distancing themselves from others in order to avoid being tied down or dependent upon other people.

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8. Self sufficiency

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These individuals constantly strive for complete infallibility

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9. Perfection

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Individuals with this need prefer to remain inconspicuous and un-noticed

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10. Narrow limits to life

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Neurotic trends.

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Horney’s revision of the concept of Neurotic Needs. Behaviors and attitudes toward oneself and others that express a person’s needs.

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1. Movement toward other people (the compliant personality 2.Movement against the other people (the aggressive personality

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3.Movement away from other people (the detached personality

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Displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move toward other people;

• an urge to be loved

• wanted,

• and protected

• Loving

• Generous

• caring

• Unselfish

• sensitive

• Inferior

• Helpless

• They do whatever situation requires

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Compliant Personality

Hint 25

Compliant personalities display these needs toward everyone, to a friend,To a spouse

• Compliant personalities manipulate other people, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals.

• Compliant people are concerned with living up to others’ ideals and expectations, and they act in ways others perceive as unselfish and generous.

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Ttheir world, everyone is hostile • aggressive personalities never display fear of rejection. • aggressive personalities are driven to surpass others, • They drive themselves hard to become the best; • Aggressive personalities may appear confident of their abilities and uninhibited in asserting and defending themselve.

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Aggressive Personality

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maintain an emotional distance • They must not love, hate, or cooperate with others or become involved in anyway. • Detached personalities have an almost desperate desire for privacy. • Strive to become self

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Detached Personality

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Neurotic needs and Neurotic trends

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To Horney, a revision of psychoanalysis to encompass the psychological conflicts inherent in the traditional ideal of womanhood and women’s roles

-She began work on her version of ___ in 1922

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Femine Psychology

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Horney was especially critical of Freud’s notion of Penis Envy, which she believed was derived from inadequate evidence.

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The envy a male feels toward a female because she can bear children and he cannot. Womb envy was Horney’s response to Freud’s concept of penis envy in females.

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Womb Envy

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When one begins, as I did, to analyze men only after a fairly long experience of analyzing women, one receives a most surprising impression of the intensity of this envy of pregnancy, child birth, and motherhood.

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Honey 1967

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❖ A condition that can lead to sexual inhibitions. (Horney, 1926) ❖ Women may choose to deny their femininity and to wish, unconsciously, that they were men because of feelings of inferiority.

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The Flight from Woman hood