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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anomers |
A subtype of epimers in which the chiral carbon with inverted configurations was the carbonyl carbon (anomeric carbon) |
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Ceramide |
The simplest sphingolipid, with a single hydrogen as its head group |
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Cerebroside |
A sphingolipid containing a carbohydrate as a head group |
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Colligative Properties |
Vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure |
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Diprotic |
Containing 2 hydrogens (acid), or being able to pick up 2 hydrogens (base) |
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Ganglioside |
A sphingolipid with a head group containing an oligosaccharide and one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) molecules |
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Globoside |
A sphingolipid with multiple carbohydrate groups attached as a head group |
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Glucogenic |
Amino acids that can be converted into intermediates that feed into gluconeogenesis |
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Glycerol |
3-carbon alcohol backbone for glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and triacylglycerols |
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Glycosphingolipid |
A sphingolipid with a head group composed of sugars; includes cerebrosides and globosides |
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Hess's Law |
A relationship that states that the total change in any state function is the same regardless of steps, and is equal to the difference between initial and final values of that state function |
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Hormone-sensitive lipase |
The enzyme responsible for the mobilization of fatty acids from adipocytes; responds to a decrease in insulin levels |
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Jacob-Monod Model |
The description of the structure and function of operons in prokaryotes, in which operons have structural genes, an operator site, a promoter site, and a regulator gene |
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Lyase |
An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage or synthesis of a molecule without the addition or loss of water |
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Mutarotation |
the rapid interconversion between different anomers of a sugar |
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NAD+ vs. NADP+ |
NAD+: in ETC |
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pKa |
The pH at which half of the molecules of a given acid are deprotonated; |
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Prenylation |
The addition of lipid groups to a molecule |
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Q Cycle |
The shuttling of electrons between uniquinol and ubiquinone in the inner mitochondrial membrane as a part of Complex III's function |
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Reducing Sugars |
can reduce other compounds, and can be detected by Tollen's or Benedict's reagent |
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Sialic Acid |
The common name of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), which is the terminal portion of the head group in a ganglioside |
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Sphingolipid |
A lipid containing sphingosine or sphingoid backbone, bonded to fatty acid tails; |
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Sphingomyelin |
A sphingolipid containing a sphingosine backbone and a phosphate head group |
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Terpene |
A class of lipids built from isoprene moieties; have carbon groups in multiples of 5 |
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Tight Junctions |
cell-cell junctions that prevent the paracellular transport of materials; tight junctions form a collar around cells and link cells within a single layer |
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Aldol Condensation |
A reaction where an aldehyde or a ketone acts as both the electrophile and nucleophile, resulting in the formation of a carbon-carbon bond in a new molecule, called an aldol |
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Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) |
Describes the subshell in which an electron is found; possible values range from 0 to n-1 l=2=d l=3=f |
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Constitutional Isomers |
Molecules that have the same molecular formulas but different connectivity; also called structural isomers |
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Deshielding |
The phenomenon of atoms pulling electron density away from surrounding atoms; in NMR spectroscopy, pulls a group further downfield on the spectrum |
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Diastereomers |
Non-mirror-image configurational isomers that differ at at least one, but not all, chiral carbons; |
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Doublet |
2 peaks of identical intensity in an NMR spectrum that are equally spaced around the true chemical shift of a group of protons; |
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Downfield |
Movement toward the left in an NMR spectrum |
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Enantiomers |
Nonsuperimposable mirror images of a chiral molecule; have all the same physical and chemical properties except for rotation of plane-polarized light and reactions in a chiral environment |
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Fingerprint Region |
In an IR spectrum, the region of 1500 to 400 cm(^-1) where more complex vibration patterns, caused by the motion of the molecule as a whole, can be seen; it is characteristic of each individual molecule |
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Fischer Esterification |
The formation of an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in acidic conditions |
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Flash Column Chromatography |
A technique that speeds up column chromatography by forcing the solvent through the column by increasing pressure with a nonreactive gas |
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Fractional Distillation |
A modified form of distillation used to separate 2 liquids with similar boiling points (less than 25 degrees Celsius apart); uses a fractionation column, which contains inert materials onto which the liquids can condense and reflux back into the reaction vial, allowing more refined separation. |
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Gabriel (malonic-ester) Synthesis |
A method synthesizing amino acids that uses potassium pthalimide and diethyl bromomalonate followed by an alkyl halide; 2 substitution reactions are followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation |
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Gas Chromatography |
A type of chromatography used to separate vaporizable compounds; the stationary phase is a crushed metal or polymer, and the mobile phase is a nonreactive gas |
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Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) |
The highest-energy molecular orbital containing electrons; in UV spectroscopy, electrons are excited from the HOMO to the LUMO |
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Jones Oxidation |
An oxidation reaction in which primary alcohols are oxidized to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones; requires CrO3 dissolved with dilute sulfuric acid in acetone |
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Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) |
The lowest energy molecular orbital that does not contain electrons; in UV spectroscopy, electrons are excited from the HUMO to the LUMO |
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Meso Compound |
A molecule that has chiral centers but is not optically active because it has an internal plane of symmetry |
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Michael Addition |
A reaction in which a carbanion attacks an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl |
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Multiplet |
Peaks that have more than 4 shifts in NMR spectroscopy |
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Node |
In orbital structure, an area where the probability of finding an electron is zero |
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p-orbital |
An atomic orbital that is composed of 2 lobes located symmetrically about the nucleus and contains a node |
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Partitioning |
When components in a sample adhere differentially to the mobile and stationary phases of a chromatographic setup; this causes the different substances to migrate at different speeds through the stationary phase |
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Principal Quantum Number (n) |
Describes the shell in which an electron is found; values range from 1 to infinity |
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Retro-aldol Reaction |
The reverse of an Aldol Condensation Reaction, in which a carbon-carbon bond is cleaved with heat and base, yielding 2 aldehydes, 2 ketones, or one of each |
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s-orbital |
An atomic orbital that is spherical and symmetrical, centered on the nucleus |
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sp |
50% s-character and 50% p-character |
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sp2 |
33% s-character and 67% p-character |
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sp3 |
25% s-character and 75% p-character |
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Spin quantum number (Ms) |
Describes the intrinsic spin of the 2 electrons in an orbital by arbitrarily assigning one of the electrons a spin of +(1/2) and the other a spin of -(1/2) |
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Staggered Conformation |
When a molecule has no overlapping substituents along the line of sight between 2 carbons, as in a Newman projection |
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Stationary Phase |
A solid medium onto which a sample is placed for chromatography; also called the adsorbent |
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Strecker Synthesis |
A method of synthesizing amino acids that uses condensation between an aldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, followed by hydrolysis |
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Transesterification |
The process that transforms one ester to another when an alcohol acts as a nucleophile and displaces the alkoxy group on an ester |
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Triplet |
3 peaks with an area ratio of 1:2:1 in an NMR spectrum that are centered around the true chemical shift of a group of protons; results from splitting by 2 equivalent hydrogens |
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Upfield |
Movement to the right in an NMR spectrum |
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Wavenumber |
An analog of frequency used for infrared spectra instead of wavelength |
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Adiabatic Process |
A process that occurs without the transfer of heat into or out of the system |
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Alkali Metals |
Elements in Group IA; |
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Alkaline Earth Metals |
Elements in Group IIA; |
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Arrhenius Acid |
A species that donates hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solutions |
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Aufbau Principle |
The concept that electrons fill energy levels in order of increasing energy levels in order of increasing energy, completely filling one sublevel before begining to fill the next |
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Balmer Series |
Part of the emission spectrum for hydrogen, representing transitions of an electron from energy levels n > 2 to n=2 |
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Base Dissociation Constant (Kb) |
The equilibrium constant that measures the degree of dissociation for a base under specific conditions |
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Boyle's Law |
The law stating that at constant temperature, the volume of a gaseous sample is inversely proportional to its pressure |
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Bronsted-Lowry Acid |
A proton donor |
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Bronsted-Lowry Base |
A proton acceptor |
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Chalcogens |
Elements in Group VIA; |
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Charle's Law |
The law stating that the volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute (kelvin) temperature. |
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Concentration Cell |
A cell that creates an electromotive force (emf or voltage) using a single chemical species in half-cells of varying concentration |
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
The law stating that the sum of the partial pressures of the components of a gaseous mixture must equal the total pressure of the sample |
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Daniell Cell |
An electrochemical cell in which the anode is the site of Zn metal oxidation and the cathode is the site of Cu++ ion reduction |
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Delocalized Orbitals |
Molecular orbitals in which electron density is spread over an entire molecule, or a portion thereof, rather than being localized between two atoms |
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Deposition |
Gas --> solid, |
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Disproportionation (Dismutation) |
A redox reaction in which the same species acts as the oxidizing agent and as the oxidizing agent and as the reducing agent |
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Effusion |
Movement of gas from one compartment to another under pressure through a small opening; follows Graham's law |
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Electrolysis |
The process in which an electrical current is used to power an otherwise nonspontaneous decomposition reaction |
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Emission Spectrum |
A series of discrete lines at characteristic frequencies, each representing the energy emitted when electrons in an atom return from an excited state to their ground state |
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Faraday Constant (F) |
The total charge on 1 mole of electrons |
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
The law stating that the total energy of a system and its surroundings remain constant |
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First-order reaction |
A reaction in which the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of only one reactant |
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Formal Charge |
The conventional assignment of charges to individual atoms of a Lewis structure for a molecule; |
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Galvanic Cell |
An electrochemical cell that uses a spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction to generate an electromotive force; |
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Gay-Lussac's Law |
The law stating that the pressure of a gaseous sample at constant volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature |
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Graham's Law |
The law stating that the rate of effusion or diffusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's molar mass |
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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation |
Equation showing the relationship of the pH or pOH of a solution of a solution to the pKa or pKb and the ratio of the concentrations of the dissociated species |
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Henry's Law |
The law stating that the mass of a gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution |
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Hess's Law |
The law stating that the energy change in an overall reaction is equal to the sum of the energy changes in the individual reactions that comprise it |
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Hund's Rule |
The rule that electrons will fill into separate orbitals with parallel spins before pairing within an orbital |
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Intermolecular Vs. Intramolecular |
Inter- :between molecules |
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Isobaric Process |
A process that occurs at constant pressure |
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Law of Mass Action |
The form of the equilibrium constant; |
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curve |
The distribution of the molecular speeds of gas particles at a given temperature; |
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Mixed-Order Reaction |
A reaction in which the reaction order changes over time in the rate law |
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Molality (m) |
moles of solute / Kg of solvent |
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Molarity (M) |
moles of solute / L of solution |
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Normality (N) |
a concentration unit equal to the number of equivalents per liter of solution |
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Raoult's Law |
A law stating that the partial pressure of a component in a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the solution; |
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Reaction Quotient (Q) |
Has the same form as the equilibrium constant, but the concentrations of products and reactants may not be at equlibrium; |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics |
The law stating that all spontaneous processes lead to an increase in the entropy of the universe |
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Spectator Ions |
Ions involved in a reaction that do not change formula, charge, or phase; |
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Adiabatic |
A thermodynamic process that occurs with no heat exchange |
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Antinode |
A point of zero displacement in a standing wave |
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Archimedes Principle |
States that a body immersed in a volume of fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid |
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Attenuation |
The loss of energy of a propagating wave as a result of nonconservative forces; also known as damping |
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Bernoulli's Equation |
An equation that relates static and dynamic pressure for a fluid to the pressure exerted on the walls of a tube and the speed of the fluid |
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Confounding |
An error that results when a causal variable is associated with 2 other variables in a study but is not accounted for; |
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Coulomb's Law |
Relates the electrostatic force between 2 charged particles to their charges and the distance between them |
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Dielectric Material |
An insulating material used to increase capacitance |
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Equipoise |
The state of not knowing whether there is a difference between two interversions; |
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External Validity |
The ability to apply findings of a research study to other populations; |
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FINER method |
A way to determine the usefulness of a research question on the basis of feasibility, interest, novelty, ethics, and relevance |
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Focal Length |
The distance from a mirror or lens to the focal point |
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Focal Point |
The point at which rays of light parallel to the axis of a mirror or lens converge, or from which they appear to diverge when reflected by a mirror or refracted by a lens |
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Hawthorne Effect |
The tendency for research participants to change their behavior because they know they are being observed |
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Kirchoff's Laws |
Rules that describe the conservation of charge and conservation of charge and conservation of energy within an electric circuit; includes the junction rule and loop rule |
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Mass defect |
The difference between the sum of the masses of unbound nucleons forming a nucleus and the mass of that nucleus in the bound state |
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Null Hypothesis |
The hypothesis of no difference; |
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Pascal's Principle |
States that pressure applied to a noncompressible fluid is distributed equally to all points within that fluid and the walls of the container |
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Poiseuille's Law |
Relates viscosity, tube dimensions, and pressure differentials to the rate of flow between 2 points in a system |
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Snell's Law |
Relates the incident angle, refracted angle, and indices of refraction for two media |
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Venturi Effect |
Describes the relationship between the continuity equation and Bernoulli's equation; |