K9 & Fe Clinical Management Exam 1

Front 1

Increased prevention =

Back 1

Decreased disease and increased revenue

Front 2

What do preventative health programs include?

Back 2

Vax, parasite control, counseling, dental care, exams and early diagnosis of disease

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Active immunity

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Antibodies develop against antigens (virus, bacteria etc) stimulated by exposure from environment or injection

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Passive immunity and how long it lasts

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Stimulated by transplacental or colostrum. Lasts 5-9 weeks (depends)

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What does a vaccine do?

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Expose pt to antigen from infectious agent to elicit antibody production by B-lymphocytes

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Killed vaccines

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Whole pathogens or subunits of pathogens, non-infectious

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Modified live virus/attenuated/recombinant DNA

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Portion of virus, infectious but can't cause disease

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Adjuvants

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Added to non-infectious vaccines to elicit a higher or more prolonged immune response

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What determines a pt's vaccine protocol?

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Species, age, environment, other health problems. Giving vaccines should be effective, safe, and practical/affordable

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Initial vax vs booster vac

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Initial vax stimulates immune system to produce antibodies, booster vac elicits productions of higher number of antibodies, high antibody titer

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Canine Vax schedule

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Start when 6-8 wks, booster every 3-4 wks until 16 wks, booster 1 yr after initial rabies, repeat core vax every 3 years

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Distemper

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Caused by Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), closely related to measles, seen in K9 and Mustelids.

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Distemper Symptoms

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First signs: fever, lethargy, anorexia, mild nasal discharge.

Worsen & spreads: mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, coughing, vomiting, pustules, hard pads, dental enamel hypoplasia

Progresses: Nervous system, likely fatal

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Distemper Transmission

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Most common in puppies 2-6mo, transmitted oronasally, incubation 1-2 wks, shed through all body secretions for 4wks-4mo after symptoms, survives up to 24 hours in env

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Distemper Testing and Treatment

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Testing not practical, expensive, takes a long time unless finding an individual in a large population of puppies. Treat symptoms only, vaccinate.

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What type of vax is DA2PP?

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Modified live

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Parvovirus

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Caused by Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2), acute, highly contagious enteritis

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Parvo Symptoms

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First signs: fever, anorexia, vomiting, bloody profuse diarrhea. Often fatal due to dehydration, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance. Susceptible to secondary bacterial infection

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Parvo Transmission

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Common in puppies 2-6mo, transmitted by direct contact, excretions, soil, fomites. 1 week incubation period, virus shed for 3 weeks after symptoms. Virus persists in env for months

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Parvo testing and tx

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Parvo test in clinic w/ feces, treat with IV fluids, abx, antiemetics, plasma transfusion, NPO then bland diet, bathe

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Rabies

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Caused by Rabies Vaccine, fatal disease of nervous system, Zoonotic

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Rabies Transmission

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Bite wound, virus in saliva. Incubation days to months, virus travels via nervous system to brain, then to salivary glands. Symptoms appear 10 days after virus sheds in saliva

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Rabies Phases

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Prodromal, Furious/Excitative, Paralytic

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Rabies Prodromal Phase

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A few days, behavior change, fever, licking bite wound

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Rabies Furious Phase

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1-7 days, become vicious and hypersensitive, seizures, disorientation, death

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Rabies Paralytic Phase

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Can occur after Prodromal or Furious Phase, inability to swallow= hyper salivation, choking, resp failure, death

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CAV-1

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Canine adenovirus type 1, causes infectious canine hepatitis which affects the liver. Rare

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ICH

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Infectious canine hepatitis- liver disease

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ICH symptoms

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Range from mild to rapidly fatal

Early: fever, anorexia, serous nasal d/c

Progresses to organs, hemorrhage, blue eye

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ICH transmission

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Through ingestion of saliva, urine, feces.

Incubation 4-9 days

Virus shed in urine for months, survives in environment, spread by fomites, resists disinfectants

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ICH diagnosis

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Dx tests not commonly used, immunofluorescent assay, ELISA, postmortem histopath

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ICH treatment

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Treat symptoms, reduce secondary infection, vaccine

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CIT

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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis= Kennel cough. Can be caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluenza Virus, CAV-2

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ITB symptoms

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Often mild: hacking cough, acute onset, runs it's course in 7-10 days

Occasionally progresses: pneumonia with fever, depression, oculonasal discharge

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ITB treatment

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Treat symptoms: cough suppressant and antibiotic.

Disinfect with bleach or chlorhex

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ITB transmission

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Highly contagious: via aerosolized, fomites, or direct contact. Incubation period 3-10 days.

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ITB Vaccinations

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Intranasal: elicits rapid protection with local immune response, reduces shedding of infectious agents. Booster

Injectable: immunity develops in 2 weeks, protects against disease but doesn't stop shedding. Booster

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Leptospirosis

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Bacterial infection caused by Leptospira sp.

Front 39

Lepto symptoms

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Fever, anorexia, vomiting, pu/pd. Progresses to renal and hepatic diseases, in some cases fatal

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Lepto transmission

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Organism can be passed in urine of infected animals from months to years, can enter body via broken skin or mucous membranes. Incubation pd 1 week.

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Lepto transmission

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Organism can be passed in urine of infected animals from months to years, can enter body via broken skin or mucous membranes. Incubation pd 1 week.

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Lepto diagnosis

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Symptoms and blood work (Real time PCR)

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Lepto treatment

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Antibiotics, fluids, pain meds, vaccinate (vax reactions common), disinfect with any solution

Front 44

Canine Influenza Virus (CIV)

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Dog-specific subtype of influenza, first occured in 2004

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CIV symptoms

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Acute upper respiratory infection (cough 2-3 weeks, nasal discharge), often accompanied by secondary bacterial infection. Can progress to pneumonia and be fatal

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CIV transmission

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Virus shed in respiratory secretions up to 1 week, survives 48 hours in environment, killed by most disinfectants. Incubation period 2-4 days

Front 47

CIV diagnosis

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PCR test from nasal swab

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CIV treatment

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Treat symptoms, antibiotics, supportive care, fluids

Front 49

CIV vaccine

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Killed virus, SQ, booster

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Lyme disease

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Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, transferred by tick. Causes polyarthritis, lameness. Exposure- dependent

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Crotalus atrox

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Rattlesnake vaccine, immunity to rattlesnake venom. Exposure-dependent

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Coronavirus

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Internal virus of pups younger than 2 months, mild disease and rare

Vaccine often included with DA2PP or Parvo

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New kitten/ puppy visit goals

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Provide health care, provide client education, establish relationship with client

Front 54

5 vital assessments

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Temperature, pulse, respirations, pain, nutrition (weight)

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Feline core vaccines

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FVRCP (feline viral rhinotracheitis/calcivirus/panleukopenia), rabies

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FVR

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Feline viral Rhinotracheitis. disease caused by feline herpes virus I, upper respiratory disease

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FVR symptoms

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Start: fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, sneezing

Progresses: serous nasal discharge to mucopurulent discharge, anorexia, lethargy

Severe: corneal ulcers and mouth sores

Most severe in kittens 2-6 mo and aged cats, secondary bacterial infection possible or abortion

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How long do FVR symptoms last?

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1-6 weeks, low mortality

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FVR transmission

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Oronasal, aerosolized, fomites. Incubation 2-6 days.

Virus shed months to years after initial symptoms, lives 24 hrs in env

Mother can shed virus, kittens infected at 4-6 weeks

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FVR diagnosis

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Virus hard to isolate, use clinical symptoms

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FVR tx

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Supportive care: vaporizer, fluids, abx, force feed

Vaccinate: MLV for >8 weeks, killed for pregnant, sick, or kittens <8 weeks

Vaccinating can help with symptoms but infection and shedding may still happen

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FCV

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Feline calcivirus, virus of respiratory tract

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FCV symptoms

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Mild to severe

Initial: serous nasal discharge, fever, anorexia

Progresses: ulceration of ent, pneumonia, limping syndrome, fever, decreased appetite

Susceptible to secondary bacterial infection

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FCV transmission

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Oronasal, aerosol, fomites. Most severe in kittens 2-6 months. Virus shed months after symptoms and lives in env 8-10 days.

Incubation 2-6 days

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FCV diagnosis

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Clinical signs

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FCV tx

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Supportive care: nebulizer, abx, fluids, force feed

Vax: MLV in kittens > 8 weeks, killed virus <8 weeks or pregnant moms

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FPV

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Feline panleukopenia

Parvovirus that attacks rapidly growing cells

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FPV symptoms

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Fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, seizures, low WBC. More common in kittens 2-6 months and can progress from mild to severe to fatal quickly

Peracute symptoms in kittens

Symptoms last 5-7 days and survivors immune

Front 69

FPV transmission

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Fecal-oral or fomites, kittens in utero

Virus shed for 6 weeks and lasts in env for years

Incubation 2-7 days

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FPV diagnosis

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Clinical signs, blood cell counts, parvo test (feces)

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FPV treatment

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Fluids, abx, plasma transfusion

Vax: MLV in kittens >6 weeks, killed in kittens <6 weeks or pregnant moms

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Rabies vax

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Start at 12 weeks, booster at 1 year then every 3 years

Front 73

Feline rabies vax

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Recombinant vax recommended lower down on leg because reduced risk of sarcomas. Can also use killed vax

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Retrovirus

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Virus encodes infected cells with RNA instead of DNA in order to replicate

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FeLV

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Feline Leukemia Virus. Retrovirus that impairs immune system and causes cancer

Front 76

FeLV transmission

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Oronasal, usually saliva from infected cat or transplacental/transmammary.

Dies quickly in env

When exposed: 30% no infection, 30% persistent infection, 40% transient infection

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FeLV symptoms

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Weight loss, poor coat, loss of appetite, pale mm, gingivitis/stomatitis, persistent fever/diarrhea

Progress: leukemia, lymphoma, immunodeficiency

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FeLV diagnosis

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ELISA in-house snap test for antigens or immunofluorescent assay to lab

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FeLV tx

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Supportive care, eventually fatal

Vax: yearly. associated with sarcomas so vax low on leg

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FIV

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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, feline AIDS

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FIV transmission

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Saliva through bite wounds, male cats 3x more likely to be infected due to fighting. Survives a few hours in env

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FIV symptoms

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Poor coat, persistent mild fever, slow progressive weight loss. Secondary infection due to immunodeficiency

Several years before clinical signs develop, 90 days before antigen positive

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FIV diagnosis

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ELISA in house tests for antibody, not virus. So positive in kittens, vaccinated cats etc

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FIV tx

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Killed vax doesn't protect against all strains and causes false positive, not common to vax

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FIP

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Feline Infectious Peritonitis, mutation of coronavirus that infects WBC

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FIP transmission

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Ingestion of infected saliva, respiratory secretions, feces. Shed in small amounts so not highly contagious but can survive 4-6 weeks in environment.

Kittens, confined groups, immunocompromised cats at risk

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FIP symptoms

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Inflammation where infected cells go ie abdomen, kidney, brain

Dry: slow progression, lethargy, anorexia, dull coat, weight loss, v/d

Wet: rapid progression, abdominal or thoracic fluid build-up

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FIP treatment

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Supportive care. Vax not common

Front 89

FIP diagnosis

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ELISA/PCR/IFA antibody test, can cross-react with other viruses. Post-mortem bx or necropsy only definitive test