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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is referred to the court acting in the best interest of the child?
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Parens patriae
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What are offenses that are only applicable to children?
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Status offenses
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What is the minimum age of juvenile jurisdiction in Texas?
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10
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What is the goal of current reform in the U.S.?
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Deincarceration- choosing community based alternatives over the commitment of youth
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What are the major correlates of delinquency?
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-Time and Place
-Gender -Race: Bias effects (Racial Threat Thesis) Race matters -Social Class -Age: Aging Out Age of Onset |
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What factors contribute to the desistance of delinquency?
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-Growing older & facing the future
-Ability to resist instant gratification -Maturation & responsibilities -Change in personalities -More likely to weigh consequences -Changes in human biology |
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What theoretical debate will forever be ongoing?
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Nature v. Nurture Theory
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What are the best methods for studying genetics and delinquency?
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-Researching Genetic Disposition to Crime
Parental Deviance Twin Studies Adoption Studies -Is there a Crime Gene? No. The XYY gene is the closest to it |
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What holds that youths will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions. Delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss?
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Rational Choice Theory
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What is the view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living. Offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians?
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Routines Activity Theory
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What is the view that delinquent behavior is controlled by a “master trait,” present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person’s lifetime; created by Cesare Lombroso?
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Latent Trait Theory
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Which theory is being described:
-Personality made of 3 components -Passage through 3 psychosexual stages -Traits are developed in early childhood -Created by Sigmund Freud |
Psychoanalytic Theory
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In correlation to the psychoanalytic theory, what are the four explanations of delinquency?
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-Neurotic Development
-Defective Superego -Overly Developed Superego -Deprivation of Development |
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What theory created by Shaw &McKay described neighborhood or area marked by culture conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population, and in-sufficient social organizations. These problems are reflected in the problems at schools in these areas?
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Social Disorganization Theory
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According to social disorganization theory, what are some influential factors of delinquency?
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Transitional Neighborhoods
-Cultural Transmission -Social Control -Relative Deprivation -Community Change (e.g., gentrificaton) -Community Fear -Poverty Concentration Collective Efficacy |
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According to who, thinks links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts?
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Robert Agnew (General Strain Theory)
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What theory states that intergroup conflict, born out of the unequal distribution of wealth and power, is the root cause of delinquency?
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Racial Threat Theory
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What theory created by Edwin Sutherland states that children are exposed to pro-social and antisocial attitudes and behaviors by those around them (e.g. family or friends); these behaviors and attitudes can be pro-delinquent as well as conventional?
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Differential Association Theory
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What theory states delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers, and school); lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise antisocial behavior choices?
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Social Control Theory
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According to Travis Hirschi what are the four main elements to social bond?
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-Attachment to parents, peers, and schools
-Commitment to the pursuit of conventional activities, such as getting an education and saving for the future -Involvement in conventional activities, such as school, sports, or religion -Belief in values, such as sensitivity to the rights of others and respect for the legal code |
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What is a developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories; includes impulsivity and low self-control?
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General Theory of Crime (Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi)
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What theory asserts that females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide them with fewer opportunities to commit crimes; as their roles of girls and women become more similar to those of boys and men, so to will their crime patterns?
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Liberal Feminist Theory
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What theory holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men; the cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control females' sexuality?
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Critical Feminist Theory
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What are the many "hats" a police officer wears when interacting with youth?
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-Officer of the law
-Counselor -Prosecutor -Guardian |
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What authority do police evoke in order to intervene in a youth's life?
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In loco parentis
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What investigative technique should police be particularly concerned about and why?
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Custodial interrogation; children can be manipulated into admitting guilt to something they didn't do ("false confessions")
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What authority does the juvenile court evoke in order to intervene in a youth's life?
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Parens patriae (the court acting in the best interest of the child)
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What are the differences in the types of courts that handle cases related to youth?
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-Juvenile
-Criminal -Probate Courts -Family Courts -Municipal/Justice of the Peace |
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Which court handles cases related to youth: is a specialized court for children, designed to promote rehabilitation of youth in a framework of procedural due process?
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Juvenile Court
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Which court handles cases related to youth: is a court of special jurisdiction that handles wills, administration of estates, and guardianship of minors and incompetents?
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Probate Court
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Which court handles cases related to youth: has broad jurisdiction over a wide range of personal and household problems, including delinquency, paternity, child support and custody issues?
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Family Court
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Which Supreme court case impacted the types of dispositions that a youth can receive: execution forbidden for anyone who was under the age of 18 when the crime was committed?
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Rope v. Simmons (2005)
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Which Supreme court case impacted the types of dispositions that a youth can receive: sentencing life without parole considered cruel and unusual for crimes committed before age 18?
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Graham v. Florida (2010)
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Which Supreme court case impacted the types of dispositions that a youth can receive: sentencing life without parole considered cruel and unusual for juvenile homicide offenders?
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Miller v. Alabama (2012)
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What is the juvenile court process (in it's simplest form) and any additional hearing that may carry weight in deciding a youth adjudication and disposition?
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Detention hearing-> first appearance-> (competency hearing/transfer hearing)-> adjudication hearing-> disposition hearing
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How is probation used?
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-As a disposition in lieu of institutionalization
-As a status of an adjudicated offender -As a subsystem of the juvenile justice system -As the activities, functions, and services that characterizes the subsystem's transactions |
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What stage is when the person has not yet been formally adjudicated for the incident/offense that led to their assignment and who were placed in community correction while awaiting action by the court?
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Pre-adjudication
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What stage is when the person has gone to court and been declared or found guilty of an offense?
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Post-adjudication
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What are the most common conditions of parole?
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-Attend school, Attend treatment, Remain drug free, Remain offense free, Attend meetings, Attend work, Abide by curfew stipulations, Be available for site visits, Complete restitution requirements, and Pay fines
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What factors should be considered when considering probation as a disposition?
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-Severity/Type of offense
-Referral and Court history -Victim impact -Personal history -Education -Family life -Available resources |
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At what point is a community based alternative used?
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-Prevention & Intervention
-Referral (or Diversion) -Probation |
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What are the different levels of prevention?
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-Primary prevention (macro)
-Secondary prevention (micro) -Tertiary prevention (mezzo) |
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Which level of prevention is in the physical and social environment, modifying conditions in the community?
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Primary prevention (macro)
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Which level of prevention looks at the individual, prevention and intervention "in their circumstances"?
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Secondary prevention (micro)
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Which level of prevention focuses on the prevention of recidivism, looking at the individual and the community?
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Tertiary prevention (mezzo)
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What are some systematic elements of concern for juvenile institutions?
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-Classification
-Programming/Treatment -Discipline/Security -Healthcare -Mental Healthcare -Education -Quality of Staff |
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What rights are youth afforded while institutionalized?
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Right to equal treatment, free speech and expression, religious freedom, personal possessions, receive visitors, access to mail and telephone, earnings and monetary gifts, protection form physical and psychological harm, medical and dental care, access to attorneys, right to be informed, accuracy and fairness, confidentiality of reports, and right to file grievances and appeal decisions
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How does a youth end up in the adult criminal justice system if the child is 14 years old?
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If the child is at least 14 and has committed capital felony, aggravated controlled substance felony, or felony of the first degree
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How does a youth end up in the adult criminal justice system if the child is 15 years old?
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If the child is 15 years old and has committed any felony included state jail felonies
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What is the youngest age a youth can be sent to the adult criminal justice system, in Texas?
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14 years old
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What risk do youths face when housed in adult facilities?
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-Increased risk of sexual victimization
-More likely to violently recidivate -Neurologically develop anti-social behavior |
