Jews Christians And Muslims Key Terms

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Tanakh

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The Hebrew Bible
All the Jewish scripture altogether

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New Testament

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Canon considered the acts of Apostle's
Contains all of Johns writings
Covers the last part of Jesus' life
Jews don't accept the NT

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Old Testament

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Covers 1st of 2 part Christian Biblical Canon
Similar to Tanakh but with variations
Collection of Hebrew scripture

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Torah

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Directly translated to law
contains first 5 books of the Old Testament
Founding legal and ethical text of Jewish peoples

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Talmud

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an interpretation of the tanakh and torah
A dialogue presented between rabbis
Breaks down further into Babylonian and Palestinian versions

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Midrash

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Classification of texts that focuses on stories of the Bible rather than the law
Part of the Jewish tradition

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Mishnah

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another dialogue/commentary presented on the Torah/laws

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Oral Torah

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Oral tradition of law that goes back to Moses. This is the first and primary method of how things were preserved initially

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Tacitus

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Senator and historian of Roman Emporer
Source on Christ as man executed by Pilate
Says things against Jews

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King Solomon

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Considered very wise and praised in the Jewish tradition
Very ethical and built the first temple in 7 years

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Antioches IV Epiphanes

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ruled Seleucid Empire after Alexander the great
Attacked and sacked Jerusalem
Killed many Jews

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Dead Sea Scrolls

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Applies mostly to the Essenes
Tests collected as the Hebrew Bible

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Essenes

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Participated in fairly significant measures to separate themselves from this world. Jewish sect from the time of the 2nd temple

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Orthodoxy

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Correct
Adhering strictly

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Rabbinic Judaism

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After 2nd temple destroyed, only Rabbinic Judaism left to really represent Jews. Rabbis weren't based on the Temple as much. They studied law, as well as it's preservation

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Sadduccees

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Sect of Jews that were active during 2nd temple
Upper social and economic community
Didn't believe in afterlife. Believed in free will

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Samaritains

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claim they follow ancient Israelite tradition prior to Babylonian Exile
Tribe of Josephus and Levi
Keepers of the Law

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Hersey

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A change in religion that conflicts with the established dogma

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Maccabean Revolt

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The Maccabee's were a Jewish rebel army. They revolted against Epiphanes and took control of Judea

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Marcion

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One of the first jews to accept christianity. Argued that the OT god was evil and that Jesus came to free them. Did not accept Mary at all.
First to want to write out the Christian Canon

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Gnosticism

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Separating the material and spiritual world. Spiritual world = good. Material world = bad. Marcion, Valentinus, Mani, etc.

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Mani

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Babylonian group of Christians that focused on Purity. They accepted representations of God and thought Jesus was the paraclete

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Manichaeism

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Iranian Gnostic religion
Synthesis of Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Had a very strong following

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Valentinus

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Christian Gnostic. Jesus born of Mary, but took nothing from her. Jesus is of the spiritual realm, he is not physical, so he can't die

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Ebionites

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Jesus was a messiah as a leader only
Group that believed they should preserve the Jewish law. Jesus came to lead and preserve the laws of old

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Augustine of Hippo

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Christian. Argued that the Jews are theologically required for Christianity to exist. The jews existed before and after Jesus. They confirm what happened. They are witnesses

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John Chysostom

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Christian with serious problems with Judaisers in the Holy Roman Empire. Judaisers were Christians who still went to temple and celebrated Jewish festivals

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Emperor Constantine

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Converted to Christianity after defeating the Persians. After him the Roman Empire became Christian. He moved the capital to Constantinople

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Theodosian Code

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Compilation of Laws in Roman Empire under Christian Emperors. Covers political, socioeconomic, cultural and religious subjects.

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Edict of Toleration

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Began with the Romans. Continued on through the Christians. Law passed to grant Jews a special status in the Roman Empire

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Nestorius

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Didn't like the phrase "mother of god" or God bearer commonly used for Mary. Eternal being cannot be born. Should change name to Christ Bearer. Cyril accused him of heresy. Followers became "Church of the East"

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Arius

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Arianism. Emphasized Father's divinity over the son. Thrived in West