Isa Glossary (M&n&o&p)

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Machine threaded rod

Back 1

bracing rod with a fine thread pattern that is used with a nut and washer and installed through a pre-drilled hole that is larger in diameter than the rod. Contrast with leg threaded Rock

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Macronutrient

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Essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities. Contrast with micronutrient

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Macropore

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relatively large space between soil particles that is usually air filled and allows for water movement and root penetration. Contrast with micropore

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Main conductor

Back 4

Primary conductor cable of a tree lightning protection system. Standard down conductor

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Meristem

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Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips, buds, cambium, Cork cambium, and latent buds.

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Microbial pesticides

Back 6

Pesticides derived from microorganisms

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Microclimate

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Small area with climatic characteristics that distinguish it from its immediate surrounding area

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Microinjection

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Trunk injection technique using a small diameter trunk penetration to introduce chemicals directly into the xylem. Contrast with implant

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Micronutrient

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Essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities. Contrast with macronutrient

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Micropore

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Space between soil particles that is relatively small and likely to be water filled. Contrast with macropore

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Micropulley

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Small, light duty pulley used in climbing operations. often used as a knot tender

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Mineralization

Back 12

Process in which an organic substance is converted to or trapped in inorganic substance

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Minimum approach distance (MAD)

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Closest distance that a tree worker, tool, equipment, or tree part is permitted near overhead electrical conductors and equipment. Distance increases with increasing voltage and varies with training of personnel.

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Minimum irrigation

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Practice of minimizing irrigation needs through the use of drought tolerant plants and watering only when necessary. See xeriscaping

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Miticide

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Chemical compound that is toxic to mites

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Mitigation

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In tree risk management, reducing, alleviating, or minimizing risk of harm (damage or injury)

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Monitoring

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Keeping a close watch. Performing regular checks or inspections

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Monocot

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Short for monocotyledon

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Monocotyledon

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Plant with an embryo that has one seed leaf (cotyledon). Examples are grasses and palms. Contrast with dicotyledon

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Monoculture

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Cultivation or planting of single species on agricultural land, in a forest setting, or within an urban landscape

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Morphology

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Study of the form and structure of plants and other living organisms. Contrast with taxonomy

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Mortality spiral

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Sequence of stressful events or conditions causing the decline and eventual death of a tree

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Municipal arborist

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an individual specializing in the fields of arboriculture and urban forestry and having responsibility for the management of all or part of planted and naturally occurring green spaces on public land and communities. See also City Forester and tree officer

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Mycorrhizae

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Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant

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Native species

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plants indigenous to a region. Naturally occurring and not introduced by men. Contrast with introduced species and naturalized species

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Naturalized species

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Non-native species that has become established in the region and propagates without human assistance. Contrast with introduced species and native species

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Necrosis

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Localized death of tissue in a living organism

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Negligence

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Failure to excersize due care

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Nematode

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Microscopic roundworm. Many are beneficial organisms, but some feed on plant tissues and may cause disease or damage

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Node

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Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise. Contrast with internode

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Nomenclature

Back 31

Scientific naming system for living organisms. Scientific names are Latin (or latinized forms of other languages) and written in italics, the genus first (always starting with the capital letter), followed by the specific epithet (species, always starting with lowercase letter, e.g., Quercus alba).

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Noninfectious

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Disorders that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be passed from one host to another

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Notch

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Wedge cut into a log or tree for felling

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Nutrient cycling

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Movement of mineral elements (sometimes called nutrients) within an ecosystem as organic matter decomposes, releasing bound nutrients back to plants

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Occupational safety and health act (OSHA) (OHSA, in Canada)

Back 35

(1) in the united states, the legislative occupational safety and health act dealing with health and safety in the workplace. (2) and the United states, the occupational safety and health administration, which administers the act. (3) in Canada, the occupational health and safety administration (OHSA)

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Open face notch

Back 36

Wedge shaped cut )approximately 70° or greater) used in felling trees or removing tree sections. Contrast with conventional notch and Humboldt notch

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Opposite

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Pertaining to leaf or Branch arrangement, leaves or branches situated two at each node, across from each other on the stem. Contrast with alternate and whorled

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Order

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Taxonomic group below the class level but above the family level

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Organic

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In chemistry, a substance containing carbon.in an applied arboriculture context, a substance, especially a fertilizer or pesticide, of animal or vegetable origin. Contrast with inorganic

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Organic layer

Back 40

Layer of organic matter at the soil surface

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt concentration)

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Palmate

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Type of compound leaf with veins or leaflets radiating in a fan like pattern. Contrast with bipinnate and pinnate

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Parasite

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Organism leaving in or on another living organism (host) from which it derives nourishment to the detriment of the host sometimes killing the host

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Parenchyma cells

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Thin walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of protective compounds

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Parent material

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Soil bedrock or base material from which a soil profile develops

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Pathogen

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Causal agent of disease. Usually refers to microorganisms

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Peen(peened)

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Act of bending, rounding, or flattening the end of through hardware for the purpose of preventing the nut from backing off

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Perched water table

Back 48

Accumulation of water in an upper soil layer above the actual water table, resulting when drainage in an area is impeded by an impermeable layer, such as rock or heavy clay, or when the interface between soil layers has become stratified(i.e., with sharp contrast in soil pore sizes)

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Percolation

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Movement of water through the soil. Contrast with infiltration

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Percolation rate

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Speed at which water moves through the soil

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Periderm

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The outer layers of tissue of Woody roots and stems, consisting of the Cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as bark

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Permanent branches

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In structural pruning of young trees, branches that will be left in place, often forming the initial scaffold framework of a tree. Contrast with temporary branches

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Permanent wilting point

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Point at which a plant cannot pull anymore water from the soil and suffers permanent damage. Compare to available water, field capacity, and gravitational water

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Permit

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Written order granting permission to do something

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Personal protective equipment (PPE)

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Personal safety gear such as hard hat, safety glasses, hearing protection, and leg protection, including chaps

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Pest resistance

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In plants, the tendency to withstand or to not develop certain pest problems

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Pest resurgence

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Increase in the population of a pest following a reduction in the population of natural predators or parasites of that pest.usually the result of a non-specific pesticide or unfavorable environmental condition

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Pesticide

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Any chemical used to control or kill unwanted pests such as weeds insects or fungi

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Pesticide resistance

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Ability to withstand certain pesticides; survival of just a few genetically resistant pests that reproduce can lead to populations that are resistant

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Petiole

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Stalk or support axis of a leaf

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pH

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unit of measure that describes the alkalinity or acidity of a solution. Negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. Measured on a scale from 0 to 14. Greater than 7 is alkaline, less than 7 is acid, and 7 is neutral (pure water)

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Phenol

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Naturally produced organic alcohol with acidic properties. One of several chemical defense compounds in trees

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Phenology

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Relationship between the climate and biological events, such as flowering or leafing out in plants

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Phloem

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Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators. situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional (transports up and down). Contrast with xylem

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Photosynthate

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General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis

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Process in green plants (and in algae and some bacteria) by which light energy is used to form glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide

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Phototropism

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Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light

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Phylum

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Primary taxonomic group within a kingdom. Division.

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Physiological disorder

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In plants, a disorder not directly caused by an insect, pathogen, or injury.

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Phytotoxic

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Term to describe a compound that is poisonous to plants

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Phytotoxicity

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Quality of being phytoxic

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Pinnate

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Type of compound leaf, with leaflets along each side of a common axis. Contrast with bipinnate and palmate

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Plant growth regulator

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Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. Maybe naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic. see plant hormone

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Plant health care (PHC)

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Comprehensive program to manage the health, structure, and appearance of plants in the landscape

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Plant hormone

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Substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substance point of origin. See plant growth regulator

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Planting specifications

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Detailed plans and statements of particular procedures, requirements, and standards for planting

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Pole pruner

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Long handled tool used to make scissors-like, smart pruning cuts that cannot be reached with hand tools

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Pole saw

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Long handled tool with a pruning saw on the end

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Pollarding

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Specialty pruning technique in which a tree with a large maturing form is kept relatively short. starting on a young tree, internodal cuts are made at a chosen height, resulting in development of callous knobs at the cut height. Requires regular (usually annual) removal of the sprouts arising from the cuts

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Powdery mildew

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Any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe that produce powdery conidia that appear as a white, fuzzy coating on the upper leaf surfaces, often causing distortion of the leaf

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Predator

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Any organism that pays on another organism

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Prescription fertilization

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Philosophy of basing fertilization recommendations on plant needs, which are primarily determined by soil or tissue testing

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Prevention

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Proactive process intended to guard against adverse impact by avoiding or reducing the risk of its occurrence

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Primary growth

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Root and stem growth in length. Occurs at the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants

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Prop (propping)

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Rigid brace, acting in compression to support a tree, tree branch, or utility pole. Prop pole. Contrast with guy.

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Propagation

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Process of increasing plants numbers, both sexually and asexually

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Proximate cost

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Legal term that describes an act or omission that can be attributed as cause of loss and/or injury

Front 88

Prusik hitch

Back 88

Type of multi-wrapped friction hitch used in climbing and rigging. A common use is to attach the prusik loop to the climbing line when foot locking

Front 89

Prusik loop

Back 89

Loop of rope used to form a prusik hitch for climbing or rigging