Invertebrate Biology Test 1 Dr. Mcmahan

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What are the 2 types of research

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General
Applied

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Applied research

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• Address a certain question
• Funding is available because profit can be attained
• Applied cannot be done without basic, but funding is leaving basic research because there is no profit to be gained

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Basic Research

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• Done to gain knowledge

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How many species described?

Back 4

1 Million

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How many estimated possible species in existence?

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10 Million

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Invertebrates

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>99% of animals
Animal w/o vertebral column

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Vertebrates

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<1%
Vast majority have vertebral column

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Animal

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Multicellular organism
Specialization/differentiation of cells
Heterophy
Motility
Eukaryotes

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Biological classification

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system to organize living things into categories
Does not change animal just the way it is classified
Strictly for our convenience

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Human Classification

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Animalia
Chordata
Mamallia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens

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Population separation

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Mammals decrease in size and reptiles increase in size

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Taxon

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Group of organisms that have been given a name
Any taxon is a group of living things with similarities that draw them together and set them apart form others

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Taxonomy

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Biological specialty in which taxa are named
Not only make new groups but amend existing ones

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Systematics

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Study relationships between and/or among taxa
either lumpers or spliters

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Phyla

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35 phyla in animal kingdom
Every major phylum contains some marine animals
Most phyla are mostly marine
Some phyla are totally marine

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Why so many marine animals

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Fewer barriers
More space
Temperature is more constant
Salty water is more bouyant
More constant

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Phylogeny

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Evolution
• Earth is aprox 4.6 Bil years old
• Oldest animal 700 Million
Not first animals just ones with rigid parts

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Homologous

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Having similar origins in Embryo
Does not tell function
Word of comparison

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Analogous

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Simular function not always same origin
Word of comparison

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Autotroph

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Produces food for self
Photosynthetic
Chemosynthetic

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Photosynthetic

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Creates food with light

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Chemosynthetic

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Creates food from chemicals

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Reproduction

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Asexual
Sexual

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Sexual Reproduction

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Always includes Meiosis

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Asexual Reproduction

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Does not include Meiosis

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Dioecious

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Separate sexes
Humans, hookworms

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Monoecious

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Both sexes in one individual
Tapeworm, earthworm

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Symbiosis

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Type of existance in which members of different species live in intimate contact with one another

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Symbiont

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Organism involved in symbiosis

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Four types of Symbiosis

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Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Parasitoidism

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Commensalism

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one organism is benefited and the other is not affected
Ex. Cattle egret and worms on crawfish gills

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Mutualism

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Both organisms benefit mutually
Ex. Clown fish and anemone, algae in tissue of some organisms

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Parasitism

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One organism (parasite) is benefited and the other (host) is harmed

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Endoparasite

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lives inside host
ex. Tapeworm, hookworm

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Exoparasite

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Live outside host
ex. Tick

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Parasitoidism

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One organism benefits (parasitoid) and one is killed (host)
All internal
Ex. Horse hair worm, Fly in S.A kills ants

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Symmetry

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Proportional with even distribution of parts

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Radial Symmetry

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Organism has body parts arranged symmetrically around a central point
Oral surface-side with mouth
Aborla Surface-opposite oral surface
Oral-aboral axis--central point

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Bilateral Symmetry

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Organsim has axis that runs length of body (longitudinal axis) and body parts are arranged on either side
Found in more active animals

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Cephelization

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development of a head

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Biradial symmetry

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Have oral-aboral symmetry
Oval in shape

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Asymmetry

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Organism does not have even distribution of parts
ex. Protozoans, Sponges

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Human body support

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bone and cartilage

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Exoskeletons

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Insects have an external skeleton

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Shells or tests

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Sometimes act as skeleton, sometimes only protection

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Hydrostatic Skeleton

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Fluid based on water
Fluid trapped inside body and since water cannot be easily compressed it provides supports

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Protozoa

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Kingdom Protista
Unicellular eukaryotes
Some heterotrophs
Some autotrophs
Some colonial
Occur EVERYWHERE adequate water is available

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Saphrozoic

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some protozoa live in decaying organic matter that serves as nutrients

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microscopic

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Surface area:volume is smaller
Surface of cell is what interacts with environment

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submicroscopic

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Can Barely be seen without a microscope
Paramecium and amoebea

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Nummulites

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Formineferans
~20-25cm

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Macroscopic

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Can be seen in detail without microscope

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Plasmalemma

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Proper name for cell membrane

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Pellicle

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Strengthend plasmalemma as well as protective coverings
Give predictive shape but not rigid
Ex. Euglena, Paramecium
No Pelicle: Amoeba proteus

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Tests

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Shell
Foraminiferans, Radiolarians

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Sol state

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Liquid form of
Inner part of protozoan cells are in sol state
Plasmasol-sol part of plasmalemma

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Gel state

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Semisolid form of cytoplasm
Organelles are in this state
Ectoplasm

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Uninucleate

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Only one nucleus

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Multinucleate

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Two or more nucleus

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Locomotory Organelles

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Psuedopodia
Cilium
Flagellum

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Pseudopodia

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Amoeba extend extremities by ballooning plasmasol outward in 3D

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Cilium

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Hairlike organelles outside the cell. Covered by plasmalemma

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Flagellum

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Large hairlike organelle

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Microtubules

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Arranged in a 9+2 pattern

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Contractile Vacuole

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Vacuole that can contract and expand

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Osmoregulation

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Any process where water concentration is controlled by cell

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Homeostasis

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The stability of internal conditions of an organism

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Endocytosis

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Any process in which materials cross into the plasmalemma

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Phagocytosis

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Produces vacuoles
Materials taken in solid

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Pinocytosis

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Material is taken in disolved

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Diffusion

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Not a biological process
Net movement of chemicals from higher conc. to lover conc.

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Ammonia

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Main metabolic waste in protozoa
Not harmful because it leaves the body quickly to be dispersed into water

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Conjugation

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Form of sexual reproduction where genetic material is shared

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Metazoa

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Animal
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Metazoa, Parazoa (sponges)
All exist on tissue level most are at the organ level

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Tissue

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Group of cells arranged together that have related functions

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Organ

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Group of tissues arranged together that have a similar function

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Organ System

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Group of organs that works together to accomplish a common goal

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Multicellularity

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Cells become differentiated
Allow for greater body size
Allows for greater complexity

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Parazoa

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"around animals"
Animals but not good animals
Sponges exist at a cellular level of organization

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Fertilization

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When sperm and ovum meet

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Spermatazoan

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Testes
where spermatazoan are made`

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Ovum

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Cell that is released from ovary

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Egg

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If ovum is released to develop outside the body or something is added to it

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Zygote

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Fertilized ovum
As cells cells divide they get smaller

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Blastula

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Embryo forms a hollow ball where other cells form around the hallow embryo

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Blastocoel

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Space inside blastula (surrounding Archenteron

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Gastrula

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Depression forms outside blastula

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Gastrocoel

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Cavity forming inside the tube

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Gastrulation

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Formation of a digestive system

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Archenteron

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early digestive system
The layer of cells forming the tube separates the blastocoel and gastrocoel

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Invagination

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Hallow structure in the embryo that develops inside a previously existing hallow structure

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Blastopore

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Opening to the outside from the gastrocoel

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germ layers

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distinct layers of cells forming early in embryonic development

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Blastopore

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Opening to the outside from the gastrocoel

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Germ

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something early and crucial to development

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Dipoblasty

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Only contains two germ layers
Only two phyla: Cnidaria and Ctenophera

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germ layers

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distinct layers of cells forming early in embryonic development

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Tripoblasty

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Form three germ layers
All protozoans except two dipoblastic
Has:Mesoderm, Endoderm, Ectoderm

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Germ

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something early and crucial to development

Front 100

Dipoblasty

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Only contains two germ layers
Only two phyla: Cnidaria and Ctenophera

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Blastopore

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Opening to the outside from the gastrocoel

Front 102

Tripoblasty

Back 102

Form three germ layers
All protozoans except two dipoblastic
Has:Mesoderm, Endoderm, Ectoderm

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germ layers

Back 103

distinct layers of cells forming early in embryonic development

Front 104

Germ

Back 104

something early and crucial to development

Front 105

Dipoblasty

Back 105

Only contains two germ layers
Only two phyla: Cnidaria and Ctenophera

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Tripoblasty

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Form three germ layers
All protozoans except two dipoblastic
Has:Mesoderm, Endoderm, Ectoderm

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Mesoderm

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gives rise to everything besides digestive system and epidermis/nervous system

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Endoderm

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Gives rise to lining of digestive system

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Ectoderm

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gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

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Disadvantage of multicellularity

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Necessitates a mechanism to indirectly link internal cells with the environment

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Radiate Phyla

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Cnidaria, Ctenophera
Has only one body cavity
Does not have many organs
Has nerve net

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Nerve net

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Nervous system consists of individual neurons that make contact with the environment and relay to one another

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Coelom

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Non-digestive body cavity

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Psuedocoelomates

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Have psuedocoelom with mesoderm on one side and endoderm on the other
Derived from blastocoel

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Eucoelomates

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Have eucoelom that is completely surrounded by mesoderm

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Proctodaeum (Proterostome)

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Invagination that forms the anus.
Archenteron grows down and connects with the outside to form a pathway

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Proctodaeum (deuterostome)

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Blastopore closes and another invagination forms and bonds to the archenteron

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Stomodaeum

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Forms at the anterior end and connects the archenteron to form mouth

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Determinate cleavage

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early cell division in embryo
Cell fate is deternined early
If split at 4 cell each would make 1/4 of organism

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Indeterminate cleavage

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Cell fate is determined later. At 4 cell each would make their own organism

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Spiral cleavage

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The layers of cells do not line up with one another

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Radial Cleavage

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Layers of cells do line up with one another

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Schizocoely

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Mesoderm fills blastophyl and then a space opens up for a coelom

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Enterocoelic pouching

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the archenteron buldges then breaks off to form pouches that form the coelom

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Acoelomates

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Do not have a coelom
Phylum platyhelminthes

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Examples of Proterostomes

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p. Mollusca, p. Annelida (earthworm), p. Arthropoda

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Examples of Deuterostomes

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p. Echinodermata (starfish), p. Chrodata

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parenchyma

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solid tissue that surrounds organs in Acoelomates
Metabolically active and can be compared to human liver

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benthic

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lives on the ocean floor and either swims or crawls

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Benthos

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bottom of a body of water

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Planktonic

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Animal that lives up in the water

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Biologist in general accept the fact that first animals arose from_______

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protozoans

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IN humans there are three types of motile organelles:____,____,___

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Cilia
Flagella
Psuedopodia

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Some biologist conclude that first animals arose from _____ protozoans

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Cilliated

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Most biologist conclude that animals arose from ____ protozoan

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flagellated