Introduction To Cells - Unit 2

Front 1

Robert Hooke

Back 1

coined the term cell

Front 2

Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 2

1st person credited with seeing living cells under the microscope

Front 3

Schwann

Back 3

determined all animals are made of cells

Front 4

Schleiden

Back 4

all plants are made of cells -> all living things are made of cells

Front 5

Virchow

Back 5

all cells come from preexisting cells

Front 6

classic cell theory:

Back 6

all organisms are made up of one or more cells.
cells are the fundemental functional and structural unit of life.
all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Front 7

Additional compeonents of modern cell theory:

Back 7

the cell contains hereditary info which is passed on from cell to cell durring devision.
all cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities

Front 8

prokaryotic cell

Back 8

a cell that doesnt have a nuclear envelope around DNA and no membrane bound organelles

Front 9

eukaryotic cells

Back 9

has a nuclear envelope ane membrane bound organelles

Front 10

cell membrane:

Back 10

seporates the external envirnment from the internal environment

Front 11

cytoplasm

Back 11

mixture of water, colutes, and suspended particles in which metabolic reactions occur

Front 12

DNA:

Back 12

instructions for building proteins that:
control the metabolism of a cell, and form structural components of the cell.

Front 13

ribosomes

Back 13

organelles that build proteins using instructions found in DNA and dump them into ER to be transported from 1 sect. of cell to another

Front 14

organelle:

Back 14

a structure within a cell that preforms a specific function, and is made of many types of molecules

Front 15

how does metabolism relate to the volume and surface area of a cell?

Back 15

when the volume grows, the cell needs a faster metabolism, thus it needs more surface area.

Front 16

as a cell grows, its ____ grows at a faster rate than its ____. thus, the cell must ___.

Back 16

volume, surface area, devide

Front 17

levels of organization in a multicellular organism:

Back 17

cell. tissue. organs. organ sys. organism.

Front 18

be able to draw the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane showing:

Back 18

the phospholipid bilayer. peripherial and integral proteins. cholesterol. clycolipids. and the regions that are hydrophoic/philic

Front 19

the eukaryotic cell - endomembrane sys - is composed of: (organelles)

Back 19

nucleus. endoplasmic reticulum. golgi complex. peroxisomes and lysosomes. varios vesicles. food vacuoles

Front 20

nucleus:

Back 20

connected to endoplasmic reticulum. double membrane. nuclear pores. nucleolus (ribosomes are made here). nucleoplasm (chromatin found here).

Front 21

chromation:

Back 21

unwound DNA and protein

Front 22

chromosomes:

Back 22

tightly wound DNA and protein

Front 23

smooth ER:

rough ER:

Back 23

involved in makeing proteins. has no ribosomes.
has ribosomes. involved in making proteins.
things can move through ER from 1 part of the cell to another w/o entering cytoplasm

Front 24

golgi:

Back 24

recieves material from the ER, modifies it, and ships it away again in a vesicle

Front 25

vesicle:

Back 25

membrane bound bubble that ships/carries things

Front 26

things the golgi can make: (3)

Back 26

lysosomes, peroxisomes, and secretory vesicles

Front 27

lysosomes:

Back 27

membrane bound sac filled with digestive enzymes

Front 28

peroxisomes:

Back 28

membrane bound sac filled with enzymes that break down toxins.

Front 29

secretory vesicles:

Back 29

membrane bound sac filled with material that will be shipped out of the cell

Front 30

expcytosis:

Back 30

membrane bound sac fuses with membrane and dumps contents out of the cell

Front 31

endocytosis:

Back 31

membrane wraps around food/liquid, sinches off, and brings into cell

Front 32

phagocytosis:

Back 32

cell brings in food through endocytosis

Front 33

pinocytosis

Back 33

cell brings in fluids through endocytosis

Front 34

sequester definition and it's relivance to the endomembrane sys.

Back 34

to seporate. because membranse seporate each chemical reaction

Front 35

components of the cytoskeleton:

Back 35

microtubuals, intermediate filaments, micro filaments, centrioles, cillia, flagella

Front 36

funtions of the cytoskeleton:

Back 36

provide support for the cell, movement, anchor cell to its surroundings

Front 37

motor molecule:

Back 37

chages shape and walks along microtubual when ATP is added. can make it bigger/ smaller

Front 38

how do the cillia and flagella move?

Back 38

motor molecules cause movement, but b/c they are anchored in place, they bend side to side.

Front 39

function of centrioles:

Back 39

unknown

Front 40

how are the mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?

Back 40

they act as if they're prokarioticcells inside of our cells. produce chemical energy. double membrane. contain own genes. can devide.

Front 41

what metabolic processes are the mitochondria involved in?

Back 41

energy from carbohydrates is converted into ATP

Front 42

what metabolic processes are the chloroplasts involved in?

Back 42

energy from the sun is converted into carbohydrates.

Front 43

what structures do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

Back 43

cell wall. central vacuole.

Front 44

what structures do animal cells have that plant cells dont?

Back 44

centrioles

Front 45

what structures do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells dont?

Back 45

nucleus

Front 46

why do plant cells need a central vacuole and cell wall?

Back 46

structure and support

Front 47

permeability of the phospholipid bilayer

Back 47

the greater a substances charge and/or size, the more difficult it is for it to pass through the membrane.

Front 48

diffusion:

Back 48

movement of particles from and area of high concentration to and area of low concentration. (down the concentration gradient)

Front 49

hypertonic solution:

Back 49

solution w/higher concentration of solute

Front 50

hypotonic solution:

Back 50

the solution w/lower concentration of solute

Front 51

isotonic solutions:

Back 51

when both solutions have the same concen. of solute

Front 52

equilibrium:

Back 52

a state at which there is no net movement of particles

Front 53

osmosis:

Back 53

the diffusion of water, usually in the opposite direction of the solute

Front 54

osmotic pressure:

Back 54

the water pressure created by the diffusion of water

Front 55

plant cell in hypotonic solution ->

Back 55

(fresh water) diffusion of water into the cell fills central vacuole - turgor pressure, but cell wall doesnt break.

Front 56

plant cell in hypertonic solution ->

Back 56

(salt water) water diffuses out of the cell and it shrivels up

Front 57

animal cell in hypotonic solution ->

Back 57

cytolysis: water diffuses into cell and causes it to swell and burst

Front 58

animal cell in hypertonic solution ->

Back 58

plasmolysis: water diffuses out of the cell and causes it to shrivel up

Front 59

the movement of materials across a cell membrane w/o the use of energy - down the concen. gradient: (2)

Back 59

simple diffusion. protein mediated transport

Front 60

simple diffusion:

Back 60

particles that are small enough and have a low enough charge can diffuse directly though the membrane

Front 61

protein mediated transport:

Back 61

facilitated diffusion: proteins form channels that allow specific substances to pass through the membrane.
gated ion channels: protein channels that can open or close in response to stimmuli (when open, acts like facilitated diffusion)

Front 62

active transport:

Back 62

the movement of materials across a cell membrane with the use of energy (atp) - up the concen. gradient (ex: sodium-potassium pump)