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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define "hazardous material"
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Any material that possesses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if not properly controlled and contained.
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What are "hazardous materials" called in Canada?
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Dangerous Goods
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What does CBRNE stand for?
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Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or Explosive (materials)
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Define "Dangerous Goods"
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Any product, substance, or organism included by its nature or by regulation in any of the 9 U.N. classifications of hazardous materials.
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In what context is the term "dangerous goods" used in the United States?
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To refer to hazardous materials aboard aircraft. Used in Canda in this context and to refer to hazardous materials in general.
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What are some causes of hazmat incidents?
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human error, mechanical breakdown or malfunction, container failure, transportation accidents, deliberate acts of vandalism or terrorism
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What are the two levels of training required for first responders with respect to hazmat and WMD incidents, as recognized by OSHA, NFPA, and the Office of Domestic Preparedness?
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Awareness Level
Operations Level |
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A responder trained at the Awareness Level are expected to be able to:
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Recognize a hazmat or terrorist incident
Protect self from hazards at incident Call for additional help Secure the incident scene |
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A responder trained at the Operations Level is expected to:
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All Awareness Level tasks, plus
initiate defensive actions to protect public, environment, and property from effects of the hazardous materials. |
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All responders must be trained to meet the legal requirements of the health and safety regulations of _____?
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the local authority having jurisdiction (the local AHJ)
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What body parts and capabilities must appropriate PPE protect?
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skin, eyes, face, hearing, hands, feet, body, head, and respiratory system
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What manual provides guidance on hazard-appropriate PPE?
What color is the border of the PPE section pages? |
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG), in the orange-bordered pages.
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The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) provides guidance on what topics?
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Identifying hazmat placards
Initial actions to be taken at hazmat incidents Hazard-specific PPE |
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What does CPC stand for?
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Chemical protective clothing
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What PPE ensemble will protect against all hazmat hazards?
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No single set of PPE will protect against all hazards.
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PPE is designed to prevent exposure to hazardous materials by guarding the ______ __ _____ into the body
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routes of entry
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Protective breathing equipment protects against what types of hazardous materials?
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Protects from inhalation of chemical, biological, and radiological materials.
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What are the basic types of protective breathing equipment?
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SCBA - closed circuit and open ciruit
SARs - supplied air respirators APR - air purifying respirators PAPRs - powered air-purifying respirators |
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What two organizations in the US must certify SCBA for use in immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) atmospheres?
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) |
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In addition to certification by NIOSH and MSHA, what NFPA standard must SCBA comply with (if adopted by one's jurisdiction)?
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NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services
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Although there are three types of SCBA currently being manufactured in closed- and open-circuit designs, only one is allowed for personnel exposed to hazmat. What type is allowed?
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Only positive pressure SCBA (open- or closed-circuit) is allowed for personnel responding to hazmat incidents.
Demand and pressure demand SCBA are NOT allowed. |
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What is the only type of SCBA allowed in hazmat incidents?
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Only positive-pressure open-circuit or closed-circuit SCBA
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Advantages of SCBA type respiratory protection include:
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independence and maneuverability
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Disadvantages of SCBA type respiratory protection include:
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weight, limited air-supply duration, changed profile can hinder mobility, limited vision caused by facepiece fogging, limited or muffled communications (unless there's a mic)
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NIOSH, NIST, OSHA, and NFPA jointly developed a certification for SCBA to be used to protect against WMD. Which of the CBRNE hazards does it protect against?
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CBRN: chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear.
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SCBA approved for use in WMD incidents is listed on an approved list maintained by what agency? What is the name of the list?
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NIOSH
"CBRN SCBA" |
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How are CBRN certified SCBA identified?
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By a NIOSH approval label placed on the SCBA backplate.
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What special tests must CBRN certified SCBA pass?
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Under NIOSH 42 CFR 84.63, chemical agent permeation and penetration resistance against distilled sulfur mustard and sarin; and Laboratory Respirator Protection Level (LRPL)
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What is a SAR?
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Supplied Air Respirator or airline respirator. User does not carry the breathing air source.
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What does a SAR apparatus typically consist of?
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facepiece, regulator (on belt or facepiece), voice communication system, up to 300 ft supply hose, an emergency escape pack or emergency breathing support system, and a breathing air source (cylinders on a cart or a portable breathing air compressor).
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What is an EBSS? What kind of apparatus is it used with?
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Emergency Breathing Support System. An EBSS accompanies a Supported Air Respirator in the event that the air supply hose fails somehow.
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An EBSS provides how many minutes worth of emergency air supply?
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5 to 15 minutes.
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SAR are certified for firefighting operations, TRUE or FALSE?
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False, due to potential damage to air-supply hose by heat, fire, and debris.
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SARs are classified as what Type of respirator, according to NIOSH?
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Type C
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A SAR with EBSS is used in what types of environments?
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confined space
IDLH or potential IDLH environments |
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SARs used in hazmat or terrorist incidents must provide ________ ________ at the facepiece.
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positive pressure
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Advantage(s) of SARs include:
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reducing stress caused by weight of SCBA
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Disadvantage(s) of SARs include:
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potential damage to air line
limited length of air line fogging facepiece muffled communications |
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What is an APR?
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Air-Purifying Respirator
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How do APRs work?
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As ambient air passes through air-purifying filter, canister, or cartridge, specific contaminants are removed.
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Name the three general types of APRs, according to the type of contaminant(s) each removes
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Particulate-removing APRs
Vapor- and gas-removing APRs Combination APRs |
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APRs do not supply oxygen or air from a separate source, TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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APRs can have either full facepieces or half facepieces, TRUE or FALSE?
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True
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APRs with half facepieces are effective at protecting against CBR contaminants, TRUE or FALSE
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False. They leave skin and eyes vulnerable, and therefore are not recommended for use at terrorist incidents (unless dust from explosives is the primary or only hazard).
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What removes the contaminants from the air in an APR?
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A filter, sorbent, catalyst, or combination of these elements contained in a filter, canister, or cartridge.
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What should a firefighter consider before choosing APR as a means of protection at a hazmat or terrorist incident?
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What is the hazard?
Is it particulate or vapor/gas? Is it a combination? What concentrations are present? |
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APRs must not be used in what type of environment?
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any Immediate Danger to Life or Safety
(IDLH) environment |
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APRs are adequate protection in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. TRUE or FALSE?
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False. APRs do NOT protect against oxygen-enriched OR oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
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What are the three primary limitations of APRs?
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• limited life of canisters and filters
• need for constant monitoring of contaminated atmosphere • oxygen content must be normal before they can be used (19.5 - 23.5%) |
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Use of APRs requires that the hazards present are completely understood and there is at least 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere. TRUE or FALSE?
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True. If atmospheric conditions are unknown and oxygen levels aren't within the normal range, SCBA should be worn.
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In what contexts are APRs worn at hazmat incidents?
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• after emergency operations are over
• law enforcement or EMS on perimeter of scene • escape situations During such operations, an organic vapor/high-efficiency particulate air (OV/HEPA) cartridge is generally used with the APR |
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What are the three levels of filtration in particulate-removing filters of APRs?
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95%
99% 99.97% |
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HEPA filters for medical emergencies must have what level of filtration?
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99.97%
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Provide some examples of particulates that particulate-removing filters protect against.
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• toxic dusts
• mists • metal fumes • asbestos • some biological hazards |
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Particle masks or dust masks protect the respiratory system from particulates such as concrete dust and asbestos particles. TRUE or FALSE?
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False. They provide protection against large particles, such as those in concrete dust, but are not effective against small particles, such as asbestos.
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Vapor and gas-removing cartridges typically use some kind of _________ material to remove the targeted vapor or gas from the air.
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sorbent
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What is sorbent?
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Granular, porous filtering material used in vapor- or gas-removing respirators
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Individual cartridges and canisters used in APRs are usually designed to protect against related groups of chemicals. Name two such groups.
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organic vapors
acid gases |
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How do manufacturers of APR canisters and cartridges indicate what contaminant their product protects against?
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Many color-code the canisters and cartridges for use with specific contaminants
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What is a PAPR?
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Powered Air-Purifying Respirator
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How does a PAPR work?
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A blower passes contaminated air through a canister or filter to remove contaminants and then supplies purified air, under positive pressure, to a full facepiece
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Which provides greater safety, APRs or PAPRs?
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PAPRs, because they provide air under positive pressure.
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PAPRs can be used at CPR incidents for decon operations and long-term operations. TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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PAPRs can be used in situations where the respiratory hazards are unknown and in oxygen-deficient environments.
TRUE or FALSE? |
False. Like all air-purifying respirators, PAPRs should only be used where the atmospheric hazards are understood and at least 19.5% oxygen is present.
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PAPRs can be used in initial emergency operations. TRUE or FALSE?
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False.
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PAPRs should not be used in explosive or potentially explosive atmospheres. TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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What are some advantages of supplied-air hoods over other respiratory protection?
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• simple to use
• require no fit-testing • can be worn with glasses, facial hair, and beards • lightweight |
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What are some other terms for escape respirators?
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personal escape canisters, escape hoods
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What are escape respirators used for?
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Escaping the hot zone
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What are the two types of escape respirators?
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• Self-contained (utilizing rebreathing technology)
• Air-purifying (with a HEPA filter and a chemical filter, such as activated carbon) |
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How much time does an escape respirator provide protection for?
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A short duration: around 15 minutes
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Escape respirators most often have a hood style design. TRUE or FALSE?
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True. Fast and easy and accommodates glasses and facial hair.
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APR-style escape respirators employ single-use canisters or filters. TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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List some physical, medical, or mental limitations that affect first responders' ability to use respiration protection equipment effectively
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• Physical condition
• Agility • Facial features • Neurological functioning • Mental soundness • Muscular/skeletal condition • Cardiovascular conditioning • Respiratory functioning |
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What are some problems caused by skin exposure to hazardous materials?
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chemical burns, allergic reactions and rashes, diseases, absorption of toxic materials into body
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How much time does an escape respirator provide protection for?
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A short duration: around 15 minutes
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Escape respirators most often have a hood style design. TRUE or FALSE?
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True. Fast and easy and accommodates glasses and facial hair.
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APR-style escape respirators employ single-use canisters or filters. TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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List some physical, medical, or mental limitations that affect first responders' ability to use respiration protection equipment effectively
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• Physical condition
• Agility • Facial features • Neurological functioning • Mental soundness • Muscular/skeletal condition • Cardiovascular conditioning • Respiratory functioning |
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What are some problems caused by skin exposure to hazardous materials?
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• chemical burns
• allergic reactions and rashes • diseases • absorption of toxic materials into body |
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What does CPC stand for?
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Chemical-protective Clothing
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What two types of CPC are there?
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Liquid-splash protective
Vapor-protective |
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What are some limitations of structural fire fighting PPE with regard to chemicals?
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• It's neither corrosive-resistant or vapor-tight.
• Liquids can soak through • Acids and bases can dissolve and deteriorate outer layers • Gases and vapors can penetrate • Gaps in PPE at neck, wrists, waist, and pants/boots overlap |
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What does "permeate" mean in terms of hazardous materials?
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pass through at the molecular level
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What are the dangers of chemicals absorbed into PPE?
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Subject wearer to repeated exposure or a later reaction with another chemical.
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In any case where skin contact is potentially hazardous, structural fire fighting PPE with SCBA is insufficient. TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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Structural firefighting PPE with SCBA is adequate protection against radiological hazards. TRUE or FALSE?
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False. Protects against some types of radiological materials, but not against others.
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High-temperature protective clothing can also be useful in incidents involving chemical hazards. TRUE or FALSE?
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False.
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What are the two basic types of high-temperature protective clothing?
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Proximity suits
Fire-entry suits |
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What are proximity suits used for?
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Close approach to fires for firefighting operations, such as in aircraft rescue or other situations involving flammable liquids.
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What are fire-entry suits used for?
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Allow a person to work in total flame environments for short periods of time. Provide short duration and close-proximity protection at heat temps as high as 2,000°F.
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Limitations of high-temperature protective clothing include:
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Bulky; contributes to heat stress bcs body can't release excess heat; limits mobility, vision, and communication; requires frequent and extensive training; expensive
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Chemical-protective equipment is intended to also be effective against biological and physical hazards during hazmat operations. TRUE or FALSE?
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True (pg 1071)
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Chemical-protective clothing is designed to shield or isolate individuals from what type(s) of hazards that may be encountered during hazmat operations?
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chemical, physical, biological
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Selection of appropriate CPC depends on which two criteria?
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specific chemical to be protected against
specific tasks wearer will be performing |
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Because PPE is most often designed to be impermeable to moisture, what type of physiological problems may responders experience?
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Heat injury due to the inability to cool body through evaporation.
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What are the variables that CPC accounts for in terms of the protection it provides?
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degree of protection from
> a specific chemical, in a > specific concentration range, for a > specific length of exposure |
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What are the variables that CPC accounts for in terms of the protection it provides?
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degree of protection
specific chemical concentration length of exposure |
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Liquid-splash protective clothing comes in two types. Name them and identify which is more common.
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encapsulated and nonencapsulated
nonencapsulated is more common |
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Liquid-splash protective clothing is not necessarily effective against chemical vapors. TRUE or FALSE?
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True.
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