Intro To Hazmat Chapter 22 Ifsta Essentials 5Th Edition

Front 1

Define "hazardous material"

Back 1

Any material that possesses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if not properly controlled and contained.

Front 2

What are "hazardous materials" called in Canada?

Back 2

Dangerous Goods

Front 3

What does CBRNE stand for?

Back 3

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or Explosive (materials)

Front 4

Define "Dangerous Goods"

Back 4

Any product, substance, or organism included by its nature or by regulation in any of the 9 U.N. classifications of hazardous materials.

Front 5

In what context is the term "dangerous goods" used in the United States?

Back 5

To refer to hazardous materials aboard aircraft. Used in Canda in this context and to refer to hazardous materials in general.

Front 6

What are some causes of hazmat incidents?

Back 6

human error, mechanical breakdown or malfunction, container failure, transportation accidents, deliberate acts of vandalism or terrorism

Front 7

What are the two levels of training required for first responders with respect to hazmat and WMD incidents, as recognized by OSHA, NFPA, and the Office of Domestic Preparedness?

Back 7

Awareness Level

Operations Level

Front 8

A responder trained at the Awareness Level are expected to be able to:

Back 8

Recognize a hazmat or terrorist incident
Protect self from hazards at incident
Call for additional help
Secure the incident scene

Front 9

A responder trained at the Operations Level is expected to:

Back 9

All Awareness Level tasks, plus
initiate defensive actions to protect public, environment, and property from effects of the hazardous materials.

Front 10

All responders must be trained to meet the legal requirements of the health and safety regulations of _____?

Back 10

the local authority having jurisdiction (the local AHJ)

Front 11

What body parts and capabilities must appropriate PPE protect?

Back 11

skin, eyes, face, hearing, hands, feet, body, head, and respiratory system

Front 12

What manual provides guidance on hazard-appropriate PPE?

What color is the border of the PPE section pages?

Back 12

Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG), in the orange-bordered pages.

Front 13

The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) provides guidance on what topics?

Back 13

Identifying hazmat placards
Initial actions to be taken at hazmat incidents
Hazard-specific PPE

Front 14

What does CPC stand for?

Back 14

Chemical protective clothing

Front 15

What PPE ensemble will protect against all hazmat hazards?

Back 15

No single set of PPE will protect against all hazards.

Front 16

PPE is designed to prevent exposure to hazardous materials by guarding the ______ __ _____ into the body

Back 16

routes of entry

Front 17

Protective breathing equipment protects against what types of hazardous materials?

Back 17

Protects from inhalation of chemical, biological, and radiological materials.

Front 18

What are the basic types of protective breathing equipment?

Back 18

SCBA - closed circuit and open ciruit
SARs - supplied air respirators
APR - air purifying respirators
PAPRs - powered air-purifying respirators

Front 19

What two organizations in the US must certify SCBA for use in immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) atmospheres?

Back 19

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)

Front 20

In addition to certification by NIOSH and MSHA, what NFPA standard must SCBA comply with (if adopted by one's jurisdiction)?

Back 20

NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services

Front 21

Although there are three types of SCBA currently being manufactured in closed- and open-circuit designs, only one is allowed for personnel exposed to hazmat. What type is allowed?

Back 21

Only positive pressure SCBA (open- or closed-circuit) is allowed for personnel responding to hazmat incidents.
Demand and pressure demand SCBA are NOT allowed.

Front 22

What is the only type of SCBA allowed in hazmat incidents?

Back 22

Only positive-pressure open-circuit or closed-circuit SCBA

Front 23

Advantages of SCBA type respiratory protection include:

Back 23

independence and maneuverability

Front 24

Disadvantages of SCBA type respiratory protection include:

Back 24

weight, limited air-supply duration, changed profile can hinder mobility, limited vision caused by facepiece fogging, limited or muffled communications (unless there's a mic)

Front 25

NIOSH, NIST, OSHA, and NFPA jointly developed a certification for SCBA to be used to protect against WMD. Which of the CBRNE hazards does it protect against?

Back 25

CBRN: chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear.

Front 26

SCBA approved for use in WMD incidents is listed on an approved list maintained by what agency? What is the name of the list?

Back 26

NIOSH

"CBRN SCBA"

Front 27

How are CBRN certified SCBA identified?

Back 27

By a NIOSH approval label placed on the SCBA backplate.

Front 28

What special tests must CBRN certified SCBA pass?

Back 28

Under NIOSH 42 CFR 84.63, chemical agent permeation and penetration resistance against distilled sulfur mustard and sarin; and Laboratory Respirator Protection Level (LRPL)

Front 29

What is a SAR?

Back 29

Supplied Air Respirator or airline respirator. User does not carry the breathing air source.

Front 30

What does a SAR apparatus typically consist of?

Back 30

facepiece, regulator (on belt or facepiece), voice communication system, up to 300 ft supply hose, an emergency escape pack or emergency breathing support system, and a breathing air source (cylinders on a cart or a portable breathing air compressor).

Front 31

What is an EBSS? What kind of apparatus is it used with?

Back 31

Emergency Breathing Support System. An EBSS accompanies a Supported Air Respirator in the event that the air supply hose fails somehow.

Front 32

An EBSS provides how many minutes worth of emergency air supply?

Back 32

5 to 15 minutes.

Front 33

SAR are certified for firefighting operations, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 33

False, due to potential damage to air-supply hose by heat, fire, and debris.

Front 34

SARs are classified as what Type of respirator, according to NIOSH?

Back 34

Type C

Front 35

A SAR with EBSS is used in what types of environments?

Back 35

confined space
IDLH or potential IDLH environments

Front 36

SARs used in hazmat or terrorist incidents must provide ________ ________ at the facepiece.

Back 36

positive pressure

Front 37

Advantage(s) of SARs include:

Back 37

reducing stress caused by weight of SCBA

Front 38

Disadvantage(s) of SARs include:

Back 38

potential damage to air line
limited length of air line
fogging facepiece
muffled communications

Front 39

What is an APR?

Back 39

Air-Purifying Respirator

Front 40

How do APRs work?

Back 40

As ambient air passes through air-purifying filter, canister, or cartridge, specific contaminants are removed.

Front 41

Name the three general types of APRs, according to the type of contaminant(s) each removes

Back 41

Particulate-removing APRs
Vapor- and gas-removing APRs
Combination APRs

Front 42

APRs do not supply oxygen or air from a separate source, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 42

True.

Front 43

APRs can have either full facepieces or half facepieces, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 43

True

Front 44

APRs with half facepieces are effective at protecting against CBR contaminants, TRUE or FALSE

Back 44

False. They leave skin and eyes vulnerable, and therefore are not recommended for use at terrorist incidents (unless dust from explosives is the primary or only hazard).

Front 45

What removes the contaminants from the air in an APR?

Back 45

A filter, sorbent, catalyst, or combination of these elements contained in a filter, canister, or cartridge.

Front 46

What should a firefighter consider before choosing APR as a means of protection at a hazmat or terrorist incident?

Back 46

What is the hazard?
Is it particulate or vapor/gas?
Is it a combination?
What concentrations are present?

Front 47

APRs must not be used in what type of environment?

Back 47

any Immediate Danger to Life or Safety
(IDLH) environment

Front 48

APRs are adequate protection in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 48

False. APRs do NOT protect against oxygen-enriched OR oxygen-deficient atmospheres.

Front 49

What are the three primary limitations of APRs?

Back 49

• limited life of canisters and filters
• need for constant monitoring of contaminated atmosphere
• oxygen content must be normal before they can be used (19.5 - 23.5%)

Front 50

Use of APRs requires that the hazards present are completely understood and there is at least 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 50

True. If atmospheric conditions are unknown and oxygen levels aren't within the normal range, SCBA should be worn.

Front 51

In what contexts are APRs worn at hazmat incidents?

Back 51

• after emergency operations are over
• law enforcement or EMS on perimeter of scene
• escape situations
During such operations, an organic vapor/high-efficiency particulate air (OV/HEPA) cartridge is generally used with the APR

Front 52

What are the three levels of filtration in particulate-removing filters of APRs?

Back 52

95%

99%

99.97%

Front 53

HEPA filters for medical emergencies must have what level of filtration?

Back 53

99.97%

Front 54

Provide some examples of particulates that particulate-removing filters protect against.

Back 54

• toxic dusts
• mists
• metal fumes
• asbestos
• some biological hazards

Front 55

Particle masks or dust masks protect the respiratory system from particulates such as concrete dust and asbestos particles. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 55

False. They provide protection against large particles, such as those in concrete dust, but are not effective against small particles, such as asbestos.

Front 56

Vapor and gas-removing cartridges typically use some kind of _________ material to remove the targeted vapor or gas from the air.

Back 56

sorbent

Front 57

What is sorbent?

Back 57

Granular, porous filtering material used in vapor- or gas-removing respirators

Front 58

Individual cartridges and canisters used in APRs are usually designed to protect against related groups of chemicals. Name two such groups.

Back 58

organic vapors

acid gases

Front 59

How do manufacturers of APR canisters and cartridges indicate what contaminant their product protects against?

Back 59

Many color-code the canisters and cartridges for use with specific contaminants

Front 60

What is a PAPR?

Back 60

Powered Air-Purifying Respirator

Front 61

How does a PAPR work?

Back 61

A blower passes contaminated air through a canister or filter to remove contaminants and then supplies purified air, under positive pressure, to a full facepiece

Front 62

Which provides greater safety, APRs or PAPRs?

Back 62

PAPRs, because they provide air under positive pressure.

Front 63

PAPRs can be used at CPR incidents for decon operations and long-term operations. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 63

True.

Front 64

PAPRs can be used in situations where the respiratory hazards are unknown and in oxygen-deficient environments.
TRUE or FALSE?

Back 64

False. Like all air-purifying respirators, PAPRs should only be used where the atmospheric hazards are understood and at least 19.5% oxygen is present.

Front 65

PAPRs can be used in initial emergency operations. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 65

False.

Front 66

PAPRs should not be used in explosive or potentially explosive atmospheres. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 66

True.

Front 67

What are some advantages of supplied-air hoods over other respiratory protection?

Back 67

• simple to use
• require no fit-testing
• can be worn with glasses, facial hair, and beards
• lightweight

Front 68

What are some other terms for escape respirators?

Back 68

personal escape canisters, escape hoods

Front 69

What are escape respirators used for?

Back 69

Escaping the hot zone

Front 70

What are the two types of escape respirators?

Back 70

• Self-contained (utilizing rebreathing technology)
• Air-purifying (with a HEPA filter and a chemical filter, such as activated carbon)

Front 71

How much time does an escape respirator provide protection for?

Back 71

A short duration: around 15 minutes

Front 72

Escape respirators most often have a hood style design. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 72

True. Fast and easy and accommodates glasses and facial hair.

Front 73

APR-style escape respirators employ single-use canisters or filters. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 73

True.

Front 74

List some physical, medical, or mental limitations that affect first responders' ability to use respiration protection equipment effectively

Back 74

• Physical condition
• Agility
• Facial features
• Neurological functioning
• Mental soundness
• Muscular/skeletal condition
• Cardiovascular conditioning
• Respiratory functioning

Front 75

What are some problems caused by skin exposure to hazardous materials?

Back 75

chemical burns, allergic reactions and rashes, diseases, absorption of toxic materials into body

Front 76

How much time does an escape respirator provide protection for?

Back 76

A short duration: around 15 minutes

Front 77

Escape respirators most often have a hood style design. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 77

True. Fast and easy and accommodates glasses and facial hair.

Front 78

APR-style escape respirators employ single-use canisters or filters. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 78

True.

Front 79

List some physical, medical, or mental limitations that affect first responders' ability to use respiration protection equipment effectively

Back 79

• Physical condition
• Agility
• Facial features
• Neurological functioning
• Mental soundness
• Muscular/skeletal condition
• Cardiovascular conditioning
• Respiratory functioning

Front 80

What are some problems caused by skin exposure to hazardous materials?

Back 80

• chemical burns
• allergic reactions and rashes
• diseases
• absorption of toxic materials into body

Front 81

What does CPC stand for?

Back 81

Chemical-protective Clothing

Front 82

What two types of CPC are there?

Back 82

Liquid-splash protective

Vapor-protective

Front 83

What are some limitations of structural fire fighting PPE with regard to chemicals?

Back 83

• It's neither corrosive-resistant or vapor-tight.
• Liquids can soak through
• Acids and bases can dissolve and deteriorate outer layers
• Gases and vapors can penetrate
• Gaps in PPE at neck, wrists, waist, and pants/boots overlap

Front 84

What does "permeate" mean in terms of hazardous materials?

Back 84

pass through at the molecular level

Front 85

What are the dangers of chemicals absorbed into PPE?

Back 85

Subject wearer to repeated exposure or a later reaction with another chemical.

Front 86

In any case where skin contact is potentially hazardous, structural fire fighting PPE with SCBA is insufficient. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 86

True.

Front 87

Structural firefighting PPE with SCBA is adequate protection against radiological hazards. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 87

False. Protects against some types of radiological materials, but not against others.

Front 88

High-temperature protective clothing can also be useful in incidents involving chemical hazards. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 88

False.

Front 89

What are the two basic types of high-temperature protective clothing?

Back 89

Proximity suits

Fire-entry suits

Front 90

What are proximity suits used for?

Back 90

Close approach to fires for firefighting operations, such as in aircraft rescue or other situations involving flammable liquids.

Front 91

What are fire-entry suits used for?

Back 91

Allow a person to work in total flame environments for short periods of time. Provide short duration and close-proximity protection at heat temps as high as 2,000°F.

Front 92

Limitations of high-temperature protective clothing include:

Back 92

Bulky; contributes to heat stress bcs body can't release excess heat; limits mobility, vision, and communication; requires frequent and extensive training; expensive

Front 93

Chemical-protective equipment is intended to also be effective against biological and physical hazards during hazmat operations. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 93

True (pg 1071)

Front 94

Chemical-protective clothing is designed to shield or isolate individuals from what type(s) of hazards that may be encountered during hazmat operations?

Back 94

chemical, physical, biological

Front 95

Selection of appropriate CPC depends on which two criteria?

Back 95

specific chemical to be protected against

specific tasks wearer will be performing

Front 96

Because PPE is most often designed to be impermeable to moisture, what type of physiological problems may responders experience?

Back 96

Heat injury due to the inability to cool body through evaporation.

Front 97

What are the variables that CPC accounts for in terms of the protection it provides?

Back 97

degree of protection from
> a specific chemical, in a
> specific concentration range, for a
> specific length of exposure

Front 98

What are the variables that CPC accounts for in terms of the protection it provides?

Back 98

degree of protection
specific chemical
concentration
length of exposure

Front 99

Liquid-splash protective clothing comes in two types. Name them and identify which is more common.

Back 99

encapsulated and nonencapsulated

nonencapsulated is more common

Front 100

Liquid-splash protective clothing is not necessarily effective against chemical vapors. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 100

True.