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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Potential Energy transformations
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stored water changes to kinetic energy when released through raceway of hydroelectric plant
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Kinetic Energy transformations
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converted to mechanical energy by water driven turbine then electric energy in generator
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Electric Energy transformations
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converted to mechanical energy in electric motors, into chemical in charging batteries, into heat in cooking and heating
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Specific heat
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energy required to raise unit mass of material 1 degree
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Energy
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E = M Cp deltaT
p = M/V |
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Open systems
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mass and energy flow across boundaries
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Closed systems
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only energy flows across boundaries
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Energy balance
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Total energy crossing boundary as heat and work + energy mass entering system - energy mass leaving = net change in energy
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enthalpy
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thermodynamic property of material used to describe internal changes in heat
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Conduction
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transfer of heat between two objects in contact with one another
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Convection
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transfer of heat between two objects separated by a liquid or gas
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Drinking water treatment objective
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remove contaminants from natural water to make it suitable for human consumption without adverse effects
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Standards
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organic chemicals, disinfectants, etc...secondary related to taste/odor, SO4, etc
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Chemical coagulation
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addition of chemicals to cause colloidal suspensions to flocculate and settle by gravity
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Turbidity
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has to do with degree of cloudiness in water
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Flocculation
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Slow gentle agitation to induce velocity gradient and promote contact among colloids
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Dissolved air floatation
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pressured air causes bubbles with stick to colloids, float to surface, and get skimmed off top ... high energy demand but quick and efficient
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Backwashing
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Pump filters water in reverse of filtration direction to fludize bed
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Emissions categories
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Primary - direct to atmosphere Secondary - created by chemical reactions in atmosphere
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Process creating emissions
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Combustion, evaporation, abrasion (plowing, wear on brake pad)
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Infiltration
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natural air exchange when windows, doors are closed (pressure differences caused by wind and temperature)
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Hazard
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something bad that might happen
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Risk
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probability of something bad happening
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Risk assessment
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Given an exposure to a substance at given concentration and duration what is the likelihood of an adverse effect
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Risk management
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what is acceptable level of risk? further reduction below this level would not be worth cost
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Dose-response: carcinogenic
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any dose will produce an effect
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Dose-response: non-carcinogenic
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threshold dose below which no effect will be produced
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LOAEL/NOAEL
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Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level/No Observed Adverse Effect Level...lowest dose with adverse effect/highest dose which will not produce adverse effect
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