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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Outcome-based research |
Determines whether procedure drug treatment or strategy improve patient outcomes |
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National EMS research agenda |
Established in 2001 Establish funding stream for EMS research within government Established alternate funding source for ems research outside of government Enhanced ethical approaches to research |
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Research and the scientific method |
Science is defined as knowledge obtained through study or practice Research is careful systematic study and investigation of the topic
The scientific method is a process by which scientists collectively and overtime Endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world
Steps of the scientific method Observe and ask questions Collect analyze synthesize data Construct a hypothesis Test hypothesis by experimentation Analyze results and draw conclusions Revised hypothesis Report results Closer the study adhere to it the more valid the study is |
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Types of research |
Quantitative research describes phenomena in numbers Most medical research is this Objective and specific Determines relationship between one thing which is an independent variable and another thing which is a dependent or outcome variable and describes it with numbers
Prospective research Starts Now examines what happens from this point forward
Qualitative research Describes it in words Primarily seeks the Y and not the house of the phenomena being studied
Retrospective studies Looks at existing data
Prospective studies Use Research Forum or instrument specifically designed for the study Studies data that starts on a given day and goes until study ends Independent variable is a variable that affects the dependent variable under study Dependent variable AKA outcome variable is the variable being affected or presumed affected by the independent variable
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Experimental design |
An experimental study will have a control group and an experimental group or treatment group
Quasiexperimental study is one in which scientists do not randomly assign subjects to the study groups
Observational study is one that does not have a control group Are more common in medicine
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Draw data from all these studies into a single database then they analyze the data and draw a conclusion Most valid type of study because it represents a much larger part of the population Labor intensive and difficult to perform
Randomized controlled trials Single-blind study the subjects do not know whether they are in the treatment group or in the control group Double blind study of the subjects and the experimenter are blinded as to who is in the control group and who is not
Non randomized control trials Aka Quasiexperimental studies Have a controlled and treatment group but assignment to these groups is not randomized
Cohort study Observational subjects who have certain conditions and or receive a particular treatment or followed over time and compared with another group not affected by the condition
Cross-sectional study Is an observational study similar to a cohort study and that various groups are compared without a control Single point in time
Case series Study that looks at a group of patients typically in a smaller number with a similar condition
Case report Study of a single patient who is unique or interesting to the medical community
Bench research Scientific research at its most basic level often the first step in research |
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Study validity |
How well the study supports the conclusion
External validity Assurance the results can be generalized which means the results will hold true for other people at other places and other times
Internal validity Ensures that the results can be attributed to the cause Independent variable is a variable that affects the dependent variable under the study |
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Ethical considerations in human research |
Nuremburg code of 1947 was the first code to guide ethical practice in human research
Helsinki declaration subject makes informed decision about participating in research
Institutional review board Committee that approves monitors and reviews human research Principal investigator is a person who oversees the study |
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Overview of statistics |
Statistics is the mathematics of collecting and analyzing data to draw conclusions and make predictions Descriptive statistics describe basic features of data obtained and study Mean or average Median what values in numerical order and find the middle value Variance is when you take each value and subtract the mean from it Standard deviation is the square root of the variance Mode is the most common value in a set of data Inferential statistics Estimating parameters of the population information from sample observed of population makes conclusion about population Sampling error is an estimation of the difference between the value of taint from the sample and the value that would be obtained from the entire population Qualitative statistics usually deal with data that are not numeric in nature example of female male Quantitative statistics are numerical in nature |
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Format of a research paper |
Abstract this is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the study the research methods used and the results encounter
Introduction is the first section of the paper it is a brief description of the pertinent previously published papers on the subject it should describe why the study was undertaken and what the hypothesis the author wanted to test
Methods section this describes exactly how the author conducted the study
Results come next researchers provide their data
Discussion section is where the author interpret their findings and describe their significance
Summary or conclusion is a very brief recap of the main findings of the study Data mining |
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evidence based decision making |
Scientific evidence based on validity and reliability If evidence supports change in the practice changes made |
