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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the two major parts of the Nervous System?
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Central Nervous System and Peripheral
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middle and outer parts
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What comprises the central nervous system?
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Brain and spinal chord
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You can't live without it, you can't move without it
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
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all of the nerves that radiate from the CNS to the rest of the body
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What are the parts of the Peripheral nervous system?
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Autonomic NS and Somatic NS
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the to and from
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What is the Autonomic NS?
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part of the peripheral nervous system, it connects the CNS to all of the smooth invouluntary muscles and organs (this includes hormones)
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automatic
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What is the Somatic NS?
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part of the peripheral NS, it transmits signals from sensory organs and skin to the CNS
it takes sensory info in and motor information out (vouluntary) |
"soma" things feel good
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What are the components of the autonomic NS?
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems
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What is the sympathetic system?
Under what branch of the NS does it belong? |
The energizing system, it heightens arousal and energizes body for action, raises heartrate, respiration etc..
responsible for fight or flight Part of the Autonomic NS, which is part of the peripheral NS. |
fight or flight
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What is the parasympathetic system?
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it is the calming system, reduces arousal
responsible for rest and digest |
rest and digest
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How do the two components of the autonomic system interact with each other?
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keep the body in homeostasis
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Whats that noise!?!
Nevermind, it was just the cat. |
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What is the endocrine system?
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ductless glans that regulate growth, mood, behavior... using hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream
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How is the endocrine system conected to the CNS?
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through the hypothalamous and pituary gland
the hypothalamous is a part of the brain that leads the actions of the endoctrine system through a master gland called the pituary gland |
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What system (Central or endocrine) is faster?
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central
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What does the pituary gland do?
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it responds to the hypothalamous and other hormones by either producing hormones that raise or lower the production levels of hormones in other glands
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What are the three types of neurons?
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sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
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in, out, between
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What are sensory neurons?
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nerons that send signals from senses, skin, etc... to CNS
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What are motor neurons?
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neurons that send signals from CNS to muscles, glands, etc...
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What are interneurons?
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connectors within the CNS
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How are neurons distributed?
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NOT randomly, they are connected to each other in networks
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What are glial cells (or neuroglia)
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smaller and more numerous than neurons, they suport neurons structuraly, provide insulation and nutrients
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Neuron glue
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What part of a neuron recieves impulses?
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the dendrites
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What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?
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soma
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What is the long extended part a neuron called?
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axon
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What is the sturcture that insulates a neuron and speeds up "nformation" transfer down the axon?
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mylean sheath
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What part of a nerons sends "info" out?
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axon terminals or terminal buttons
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What charge a neuron at rest?
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negative on inside compared to a positivly charged exterior
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What happends when a neuron recieves a signal?
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The membrane breaks down and allows positively charged sodium cations inside causing a change in charge which triggers an electrical signal.
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What happendes after a signal has passed through a neuron?
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The sodium cations are pumped back out and the neuron returns back to a negativle charged state
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Under what conditions does a neuron fire?
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The sum of the signal has to exceed a threshold.
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What is gap in between neurons called
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the synaptic gap
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What are hormones?
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Chemical messengers secreted from endoctrine glands, into the blood stream, to various organs throughout the body
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What is an inborn automatic reposns to a stimuli?
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a reflex
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What is action potential?
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An electrical impulse that surges alsong an axon, caused by an influx of positive ions into a neuron
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What are neurotransmitters?
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chemical messengers in the nervous system that transmit infotmation by crossinf the synapse from one neuron to another.
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What is Acetylcholine (ACh)?
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The neurotransmitter responsible for linking moror neurons and muscles. It also facilitates learning. (Alzheimer's patience have an undersupply of ACh)
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What is Dopamine?
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The neurotransmitter that is liked to mucdle activity. It is concentrated in the brain. (A shortage may cause parkinson's, an exess dopamine ACCEPTORS is linked with schizophrenia)
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What are endorphins?
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Neurotransmitters that are found throughout the CNS and act as natural opiates that relieve pain
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What is epinephrine?
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A neurotransmitter that increases arousal. (too much may cause a manic state, too little may cause depression)
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What is serotonin?
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a neruotransmitter produced in the brain that lowers activity and causes sleep. (Too little is linked with depression)
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What is GABA?
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A neurotransmitter produced in the brain that lowers arousal and reduces anxiety. It is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the NS.
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What are receptors? How do they work?
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Specialized neural cells that recieve transmitters. They are specialized, only certain type of receptors work with certain neurotransmitters.
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Do neurotransmitters excite of inhibit action potential?
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Either, depends on the neurotransmitter
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What do neurotransmitters have to do with threshold?
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If enough neurotransmitters bind with the receptrors in the dendrite of the recieving neuron, then the threshold is reached (in the case of excitatory neurotransmitters)
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What is a case study? What are the benefits and drawbacks?
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A case study looks at one instance (person) where some damage has occured (to the brain for example) in order to see effects.
When studying the brain, the drawbacks include, (1) the brain compensates for damage by forming new connections (2) Damage is seldom localized (3) it is difficult to establish cause and effect (ie was einstein smarter becasue his brain was bigger or did it grow because he used it more?) |
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What is experimental intervention?
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This is an invasive technique where part of the brain is actually altered and effects are measured.
It can be sone through surgery, chemicals, or electrodes |
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What is an EEG (electroencephalograph)?
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An instrument used to measure electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp.
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What are the limits of an EEG?
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it mearly summerizes ALL electrical activity taking place in the brain at the same time.
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What is a CT (computerized tomogrphy) scan?
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A series of X rays taken from different angles and converted by computer into an image that depicts a horizontal slice of the brain.
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What are CT scans mainly used for?
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diagnosing tumors and strokes and for identifying brain abnormalities in people who suffer fron scizophrenia and oteh rpsych disorders.
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What is a PET (positron emission tomography) scan?
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A visual display of brain activity, ms measured by the amount of glucose being used.
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What does a PET scan tell a scientist?
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What regions of the brain become active (Light up) under certain conditions (what are you thinking of) in REAL TIME
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What is an MRI (magnetic reonance imaging)
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A brain-scanning technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce clear 3-D images of the brain.
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What are the three major regions of the brain?
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Brainstem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
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What is the brainstem?
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One of the three major regions of the brain, it is the inner core of the brain that connects to the spinal chord and contains the medulla, pons and reticular formation.
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What sub-regions does the brainstem contain?
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The medulla, pons, and reticular formation
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What is the medulla?
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A sub-region of the brainstem that controls basic and vital invouluntatry functions
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What are the pons?
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A part of the brainstem, above the medulla, pons play a role in sleep and arousal. also help connect lower and higher regions of the brain.
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What is the reticular formation?
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Part of the brainstem, it is a group of nerves that help control sleep, arousal, and attention
Filter for sensory info in and out of conciousness. |
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What is the cerebellum?
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It is attached to the prainstem and is a primitive structure that controls balence and coordination of complex voluntary movements.
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What is the basal ganglia?
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masses of gray matter in the brain that help initiate and coordinate delibrate movements.
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What is the limbic system?
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One of the three major structures of the brain it is a set of loosly connected structures above the brainstem that help regulate motivation, emotion, and memory
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What is the thalamus?
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A part of the limbic system it is a structure that acts as a sensory relay. It recives info from the senses and sends it to different parts of the cerebral cortex.
***Smell bipasses the thalamus*** |
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What is the amygdala?
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A part of the limbic system it primary controls for agression, fear, and anger.
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What is the hipocampus?
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The largest structure in the limbic system that plays a role in encoding and transfering new info into long term memory.
Formation of new memories |
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What is the hypothalamus?
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A very tiny part of the limbic system it controls the homeostasis of the body: temp, autonomic NS, endocrine system (through the pituary gland)
It also helps regulate basic emotions: fear, rage basic drives: hunger, thirst, sleep, sex It is also associated with pleasure. |
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What is the cerebrall cortex?
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The outermost covering of the brain, largly responsible for higher-order mental processes.
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What are the 4 PHYSICAL distinctions of the cerebral cortex? Where are they located?
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The frontal lobe is in the forhead region, the temporal lobe is behind each ear, the parietal lobe is at the top of the head, and the occipital lobe is in the back of the head
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Where is the visual cortex located?
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In the occipital lobe
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Where is the auditory(sound) cortex located?
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In the temporal lobe
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What is the region of the brain associated with reciving sensory information?
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The somatosensory cortex in the cerebral cortex
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What is the part of the brain that sends impulses to voluntary muscles?
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mortor cortex in the cerebral cortex
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What is the region of the cortex that is involved with the production of speech?
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Broca's area
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Where is Broca's area located?
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In the left hemishpere of the frontal lobe in the cerebral cortex.
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What is the region of the cortex involved with the comprehension of speech?
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Wernicke's area
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Where is Werinicke's area located?
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In the left hemisphere of the Temporal lobe in the cerebral cortex.
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What is the corpus callosum?
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A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres
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What is "split-Brain"?
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A surgically produced conditon in which the corpus callosum is severed, thus cutting the link between the left and right hemispheres of the brain
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If an image is in your right visual field, where is it processed?
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The left hemisphere
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Which hemisphere controls speech?
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left hemisphere
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Which hemishphere controls visual spacial tasks?
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the right hemisphere
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What is the definition of learning?
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A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience.
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What is habituation?
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The tendency of an organism to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated experience.
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What is the type of learning in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another?
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Classical conditioning
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Who is the father of classical conditioning?
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Pavlov
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What is an unconditioned response?
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An unlearned response (salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (food)
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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A stimulus (food) that triggeres an unconditioned and natural response (salvation)
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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A previously neutral stimulus (bell)that through classical conditioning envokes a conditioned response (salvation)
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What is a conditioned response?
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A learned response (salvation) to a previouly neutral but now classically conditioned stimulus (bell).
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What is acquisition?
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The formation of a learned response to a stimulus through the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning) or reinfocement (operant conditioning)
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What is extinction?
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The elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus (the food in classical conditioning) or reinforcement (also the food in operant condtioning)
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What is the reemergance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period?
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spontanious recovery
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What is the tendancy to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus?
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Stimulus generalization
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What is the ability to distinguish between stimuli called?
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discrimination
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What is higher order conditioning?
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The ability of one conditioned stimulus to create another conditioned stimuls that also elicits a conditioned response
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What do behaviorists believe/study?
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Behaviorists study responses. They do not try to speculate as to the feelings, thoughts, and drives of the organism. They insist that a science of human behavior must focus on external, quanifiable, objective events
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Who was John Watson
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American behaviorist/phychologist who's goal was to predict and change behavior. (He was the one to scare Little Albert)He was all nurture
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Who was Thorndike?
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The person to set up the cat puzzle box. First person to study how NON REFLEXIVE behavior can be modified as a result of experience
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What is the law of effect?
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A law stating that responses followed by positive outcones are repeated, where as those followed by a negative outcome are not.
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What is operant conditioning?
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The process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce desirable ourcomed. These behaviors were NOT instinctual.
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What is reimforcement?
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In operant conditioning and stimulus that INCREASES the likelihood of a prior response.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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a stimulus that increases a prior response becuase it was added.
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If you do your homework I will GIVE you a cookie
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What is negaive reinforcement?
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A stimulus that increases a prior response because it was taken away.
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If you don't do your homework you won't be able to watch TV
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What is punishment?
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In operant conditioning, any stimus that DECREASES the likelihood of a prior response
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What is positive punishment
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Any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a prior response because it is added.
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yelling at a child for hitting someone
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What is negaive punishment
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Any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a prior response because it was taken away
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Grounding a teen for breaking curfew
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What is the process by which reinforcements are used to GRADUALLY guide an organism towards a specific behavior
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shaping
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Who was B.F. Skinner
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strict behaviorist, inventor of the Skinner box (rats with levers) and main proponant of operant conditioning with reinforcement
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What does a fixed interval of reinforcement entail? What does it look like on a graph?
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Fixed interval reinforcement presents a stimulus every fixed amount of time (5 min). It produces a scalloped reponse graph because an organism will respond more rapidly as the time of reinforcement approaches.
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Cramming before midterms
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What does a variable interval of reinforcement entail?
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Variable interval reinforcement presents a stimulus at around an average time (sometimes 30 sec, sometimes 10)This elicits a steady rate of response
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How do you study if your teacher gives pop quizes?
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What does a fixed ratio of reinforcement entail?
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A reinforcer is presented after a fixed number of RESPONSES
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rent 10 movies, get the 11th one free
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What does a variable ratio of reinforcement entail?
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The presentation of a reinforcer after an average (or random) amount of RESPONSES
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Slot machines
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What is recovery?
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following the habituation to one stimulus, the tendancy for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test if infants can discriminate between stimuli)
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What is the grasping refex?
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In infants, the automatic tendancy to grasp an onject that stimulates the palm.
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What is the rooting reflex?
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In response to contact with the cheek, an infant will turn towards the stimulus and open its mouth
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What are two measurements used in infant research?
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looking (which is the most robus nonverbal response) and looking time (earliest dependant measure)
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What is the method of study in which people of different ages are tested and compared?
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cross-sectional study
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What is the method of study in which the same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age
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longitudinal study
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Who was Piaget
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Cognitive development guy
Person who asserted that there are 4 DISTINCT stages of development, schemas, accommodation etc |
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What is a schema?
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a mental representation of the world that guid the processes of assimilation and accommodation
set patterns or rules about events |
What do you do in a restaurant?
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What are the 5 stages by which schemas are aquired and changed?
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equilibrium- familiar w/birds, all flying things are birds
assimilation- see a plane and call it a bird disequilibrium-planes don't have feathers or flap wings accommodation-planes are not birds, but planes organization- form higherarche of schemas |
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What s assimilation?
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according to Piaget, the process of modifying exsisting cognitive structures in response to new information
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What is recovery?
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following the habituation to one stimulus, the tendancy for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test if infants can discriminate between stimuli)
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What is the grasping refex?
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In infants, the automatic tendancy to grasp an onject that stimulates the palm.
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What is the rooting reflex?
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In response to contact with the cheek, an infant will turn towards the stimulus and open its mouth
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What are two measurements used in infant research?
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looking (which is the most robus nonverbal response) and looking time (earliest dependant measure)
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What is the method of study in which people of different ages are tested and compared?
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cross-sectional study
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What is the method of study in which the same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age
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longitudinal study
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Who was Piaget
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Cognitive development guy
Person who asserted that there are 4 DISTINCT stages of development, schemas, accommodation etc |
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What is a schema?
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a mental representation of the world that guid the processes of assimilation and accommodation
set patterns or rules about events |
What do you do in a restaurant?
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What are the 5 stages by which schemas are aquired and changed?
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equilibrium- familiar w/birds, all flying things are birds
assimilation- see a plane and call it a bird disequilibrium-planes don't have feathers or flap wings accommodation-planes are not birds, but planes organization- form higherarche of schemas |
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What s assimilation?
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according to Piaget, the process of incorperating and, if necessary, changing new information to fit exsisting cognitive structures
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What is accommodation?
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The process of modifing exsisting cognitive structures in response to new information
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What are the 4 stages of development according to Piaget?
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(1) sensorimotor stage (age 0-2)
(2) preoperational stage (age 2-6) (3) concrete operational stage (age 7-12) (4) formal opperational stage |
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What does the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's development entail?
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the stage when infants come to know the world around them through senses.
During this time they attain: object permanence: That things exist even if they are out of sight speration anxiety from primary care taker |
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What is object permanence? When does it develop according to Piaget?
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The ability ot recognize that object exsist even if they are out of sight.
this develops in the sensorimpotor stage according to piaget |
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What is seperation anxiety?
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Among infants with onject permanence, a fear reaction to the absence of their primary caretaker
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What does the preoperational stage of Piaget's development entail?
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This is the second stage of development according to Paiget, when 2-6 year olds become capable of reasoning ina and intuitive, prelogical manner
The child uses symbols to represent objects but cannot reason logivally. The child is egocentric and does not undertand conservation cannot distinguish reality from apperance |
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What does it mean to be egocentric?
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Self centered, unable to adopt the perspective if another person
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What is conservation?
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The concept that physical properties of an object remain the same despite superficial changes in apperance
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What does the concrete operational stage of Piaget's development entail?
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This is Piaget's third stage of development when children become capable of logical reasoning
children can group opjects and items however, they cannot think on an abstract level |
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Why are conservation tasks difficult for preoperational children?
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They find it difficult to see that actions are reversible
They focus on the end state rather than transformational state They focus only on one dimension |
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What are the characteristics of Piaget's formal operational stage?
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The last stage characterized by the ability to reason at the hypothetical level, make complez deductions, and can analyze the validity of different ways of reasoning
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What is the critical period?
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A period of time during which an orgainsm must be exposed to a cetain stimulus for propper development to occur.
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What is the deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker?
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attachment
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Who was Harry Harlow
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guy with monkeys
tested terry cloth as opposed to unfriendly surrugate mothers found mokeys prefered to comfort and softness of terry cloth even over food |
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What was Mary Ainsworth
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tested styles of attachement
invented the starge situation test |
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What are the styles of attachment?
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secure attachment
insecure attachment which can then be seperated into aviodant and anxious styles |
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What is the starge situation test?
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A parent-infant "seperation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a lab in order to test the security of a child's attachement.
created by Mary ainsworth |
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What constitutes secure attachement?
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A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by seperation, and delighted by reunion
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What constitutes insecure attachement?
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A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to a parent, cries at seperation, and reacts with anger or apathy at reunion
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If a child reacts with apathy at the reunion with a parent what type of attachement style does he have?
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he is insecure and aviodant
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When a child react with anger at the reunion of a parent what kind of attachment style does he have?
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insecure anxious
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Who was Kohlberg?
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moral reasoning guy
"steal drug for sick wife?" Three levels of moral reasoning |
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What are Kohlbergs three levels of moral reasoning?
What do they entail? |
Preconventional (age 7-10) moral dilemas are resolved in ways that are self serving
Conventional (13-16) moral dilemas are solved according to social rules and laws post conventional- (very few ppl) moral dilemas are solved with abstact principles in mind (justice, fairness etc..) |
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What constitutes Kohlbergs post conventional stage?
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(very few ppl) moral dilemas are solved with abstact principles in mind (justice, fairness etc..)
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What constitutes Kohlbergs Conventional stage?
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(13-16) moral dilemas are solved according to social rules and laws
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What constitutes Kohlbergs Preconventional stage?
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(age 7-10) moral dilemas are resolved in ways that are self serving
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Who was Erik Erikson?
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extended freudian theory to deal with social development
found 8 stages each with a dilema to be resolved |
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What are Eriksons 8 stages of social development?
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(1) Trust vs. mistrust-infancy (0-1)
(2) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt- Toddler (1-2) (3) Initiative vs. guilt- preschooler (3-5) (4) Industry vs inferiority- elementary school (6-12) (5) identity vs role confusion- adolescents (13-19) (6) Intimacy vs. isolation -young adulthood (7) generativity vs stagnation- middle adulthood (8) integrity vs despair -late adulthood |
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What is the conflict to be resolved in adolescence (Erikson's 5th stage)
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Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence strugle to break drom parents and form an identity, or self-concept |
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What is the conflict to be resolved in young adulthood (Erikson's 6th stage)
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Intimacy vs. isolation
Having resolved the identity crisis, young adults seek intimacy in meaningful relationships and marriage |
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What is the conflict to be resolved in middle adulthood (Erikson's 7th stage)
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generativity vs. stagnation
having achieved intimacy, middle aged adults seek to mentor a new generation at work, at home, and in the community |
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What is the conflict to be resolved in late adulthood (Erikson's 8th stage)
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Integrity vs despain
Reflecting on life, older adults seek integrity, a sense that their lives were worthwhile |
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What is reciprocal determinism?
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The theory that certain thing affect EACH OTHER
a person will be affected by and will also affect the enviroment the enviroment will affect and be affected by behavior bhavior will affect and be affected by a person |
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Who was John Bowlby
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belived in contact comfort
if babies are not held they fail to develop |
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What are the three parenting styles?
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AuthoritARIAN- parents impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive- parents submit to childs desires, make few demands, use little punishment AuthoritATIVE- set rules and give reasons |
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What is a stlye of parenting in which the parents impose rules and expect obedience
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authoritARIAN (not good) anxious attachment
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What is a stlye of parenting in which parents submit to childs desires, make few demands, use little punishment
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permissive (not good)
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What is a stlye of parenting in which parents set rules and give reasons
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AuthoritaTIVE
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