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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four needs?
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physical
identity social practical |
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4 insights from the communication model?
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communicator - sending & receiving r usually simultaneous
channels make a difference noise affects communication meanings exist in and among people |
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3 types of noise
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external
physiological psychological |
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5 key principles of communication
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transactional
intentional or unintentional has content and & a relational dimension irreversible unrepeatable |
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4 communication misconceptions
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not all seeks understanding
more is not always better will not solve all problems not natural ability |
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quantative approach
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any interaction between 2 people
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qualative approach
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occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved
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Intercultural Communication
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The process that occurs when members of two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and non-verbal
Accurate to talk about degrees of cultural significance |
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Co-culture
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The perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture. Members of these culture often develop unique patterns of communication.
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5 Key values that shape a culture's communication norms
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power distance
individualist vs. collectivist achievement vs. nurturing high-context vs. low-context uncertainty avoidance |
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Linguistic relativism
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Notion that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
Ex: bilingual speakers seem to think differently when their change language |
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attitudes, knowledge, and skills required for intercultural communication competence
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motivation and attitude - desire to communicate effectively with strangers
knowledge of how other cultures communicate skill: the ability to create and respond to messages effectively learned through -passive observation -active strategies -self disclosure |
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Self-concept
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The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
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Development of the self-concept
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At about 6 or 7 months, the child begins to recognize "self" as distinct from surroundings. The concept of "self" is almost exclusively physical, involving the child's basic realization of existing and of possessing certain body parts over which some control is exerted. The evolution of identity is almost totally a product of social interaction.
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Social comparison
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Evaluating ourselves in terms of how compare with others
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Reference groups
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The people we use to evaluate our own characteristics
Ex: A child's self-concept of ""I'm deaf"" changed to ""I'm different"" and then to ""I'm deficient"" as he compared himself with other students at his school. You can improve a negative self-concept by selecting the ""right"" group with which to compare yourself and by interpreting others' behavior in a way that confirms a positive view of yourself |
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Cognitive Conservatism
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The tendency to seek information that conforms to an existing self-concept.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Occurs when a person's expectations of an event and her or his subsequent behavior based on those expectations make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.
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Self-imposed self-fulfilling prophecy
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Occur when your own expectations influence your behavior. Ex: Students who perceive themselves as capable achieved more academically.
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Ways to change one's self-concept
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have realistic expectations - judge yourself in terms of your own growth and not against the behaviors of others)
have a realistic perception of yourself -Sources of unrealistic perceptions: being overly harsh on yourself, inaccurate feedback from others) -Recognize your strengths -Seek out supportive people will to change skill to change - seek advice & observe others |
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Identity Management
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The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them
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Why manage impressions?
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follow social rules (ex: manners)
-to make others feel more comfortable accomplish personal goals (ex: dressing up for traffic court in the hope that your front as a responsible citizen will convince the judge to treat you accordingly. achieve relational goals (ex: smiling at an attractive stranger at a party to show that you would like to get better acquainted) difficult, or impossible, not to manage impressions b/c you have to send some sort of message so the question is usually not whether or not to present a face, but which face to present |
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Ways to Manage impressions
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Face-to-face vs. mediated identity management
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Identity management and honesty
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Identity management isn't dishonest or deceptive. No matter which face you decide to show others, you are sharing a real part of yourself.
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Selection
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decision of which data to attend to & which to ignore
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Organization
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arranging info in a meaningful way
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Interpretation
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making sense out of perceptions
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Negotiation
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The process by which communicators influence each other's perceptions through communication
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6 physiological influences on perception
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1) Senses (the differences in how each of us receives sensory data through seeing, hearing, tasting, touching and smelling stimuli can affect interpersonal relationships)
2) Age (Older people view the world differently than younger ones because of a greater scope and number of experiences and developmental differences also shape perception. ex: younger children are less developed than older ones) 3) Health (illness can have a strong impact on how you relate to others) 4) Excessive fatigue (the world can seem different when you are very tired than it does when you are well-rested) 5) Hunger (ex: being hungry...and getting grumpy, or being full...and getting tired, affects how we interact with others) 6). Biological cycles (changes in hormonal levels at different times of day affect how we relate to one another. ex: night work increases our sensitivity to criticism from others) |
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2 psychological influences on perception
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1) mood - strongly influences how we view people and events, and therefore how we communicate. ex: people interpreted the same pictures differently when they were in different moods)
2) self-concept - the way we think about ourselves strongly influences how we interpret others' behavior |
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3 social influences on perception
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1) Our personal point of view (standpoint theory...WITHIN A SOCIETY, NOT BETWEEN DIFFERENT SOCIETIES).
2) Attitudes and sex and gender roles that determine personal experiences and social expectations (ex: one's psychological sex type or gender, not just one's biological sex) 3) Occupational roles (the kind of work we do governs our view of the world. ex: prison simulation in which students randomly assigned to be guards verbally and physically abused the students randomly assigned to be prisoners) |
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cultural influences on perception
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1) valuing of talk (ex: Western cultures tend to view talk as desirable and use it for social purposes as well as to perform tasks whereas Asian cultures value silence and discourage the expression of thoughts and feelings)
2) perceptual differences don't just occur between residents of different countries, they also occur within different regional and ethnic co-cultures in a single national culture 3) gap between cultures often extends beyond dissimilar norms to a wide range of different experiences and feelings that bear little resemblance to one another |
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punctuation
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The determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions
cycle: "you did it" "no, you did it" "no, you did it" |
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attribution
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The attachment of meaning to behavior
-snap judgments or stereotypes |
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Halo effect
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The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic
-we cling to first impressions |
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Self-serving bias
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we judge ourselves more charitably than we do others
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Perception checking
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checking and sharing interpretations by
1) describing the behavior you noticed 2) providing 2 possible interpretations of the behavior 3) requesting clarification about how to interpret the behavior |
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perception-checking facts
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A tool to help us understand others accurately instead of assuming that our first interpretation is correct
-Goal is mutual understanding -Cooperative approach to communication -Signals an attitude of respect and concern for the other person (doesn't assume that you are qualified to judge the other person without help) -Doesn't need all 3 parts to be effective -Has the best chance of working in low-context cultures (the U.S. and West. Europe in which straight-talking is valued) -High-context cultures that value social harmony (Lat. Am. and Asia) are more likely to regard it as potentially embarrassing -Can sometimes be a face-saving way to raise an issue without directly threatening or attacking the other person |
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Empathy
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the ability to re-create another's perspective, to experience the world from his or her point of view (in effect, temporarily becoming that person)
-The ability to emphasize is present from birth -Degree of innate empathy varies according to genetic factors, but environmental experiences have the greatest impact on developing the ability to understand others |
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Common perceptual tendencies
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Sometimes lead to misperceptions
1) We make snap judgments 2) We cling to first impressions 3) We judge ourselves more favorably than we do others 4) We are influenced by our expectations 5) We are influenced by the obvious 6) We assume others are like us |
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3 purposes of pillow method
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"1) help understand how others view interpersonal issue
2) help recognize the merits & drawbacks of each perspective 3) help recognize how an interpersonal issue may not be that important" |
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5 steps of the pillow method
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1) I'm right
2) you're right 3) we're both right 4) not important 5) truth |
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language is symbolic
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words are arbitrary symbols that have no meaning in themselves
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language is rule-governed
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Languages work because people agree on how to use them. These agreements are codified in rules.
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4 rules that govern the use of language
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"Languages work because people agree on how to use them. These agreements are codified in rules.
1) Phonological rules 2) Syntactic rules 3) Semantic rules 4) Pragmatic rule" |
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naming and identity
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Names shape the way others view us, the way we view ourselves, and the way we act
Different names have different connotations Names shape and reinforce personal identity (in terms of ethnicity, socioecon. status) |
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credibility and status
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The words we use and the way we pronounce them can have a powerful influence on whether others accept or reject our ideas
Accent-free speech is judged as more credible Scholarly vocabulary is judged as more credible |
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affiliation, attraction, and interest
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Speech can build and demonstrate solidarity with others
On an individual level, close friends or lovers often develop a set of special terms (including vocabulary)that serve as a way of setting them apart from others and signifying their relationship to the world and each other The same process works among larger groups (ex: military personnel, street gangs) When 2 or more people feel equally positive about one another, their linguistic convergence will be mutual, but when communicators want or need approval, they often adapt their speech to accommodate the other person's style (ex: immigrants in a new country and subordinates in the workplace) |
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Sexist language
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Language patterns add to or detract from a speaker's power to influence others
-Powerful speech is not as effective in Asian and Latin American cultures as it is in American and European culture -Counting the number of powerful or powerless statements won't always reveal who has the most control in a relationship because social rules and the importance of achieving both content and relational goals mask the real distribution of power |
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Racist language
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includes words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either sex
Can affect the self-concepts of both men and women, often in subtle ways Can stigmatize women 2 ways to eliminate sexist language: 1) Eliminating sex-specific terms (""they"" instead of ""he, she,"" ""he and she,"" or ""she and he"") or substituting neutral terms (""humankind"" or ""human race"" instead of ""mankind,"" ""artificial"" or ""manufactured"" instead of ""manmade"" and ""police officers"" instead of ""police men"" or ""police women"" 2) Marking sex clearly by heightening awareness of whether the reference is to a female or a male ("chairwoman" or "chairman" instead of "chairperson" |
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3 forms of disruptive language
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fact-opinion confusion
fact-interference conclusion emotive language |
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relationship between language and gender roles
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language differences are due to other factors such as social philosophy, sexual orientation, occupation, & interpersonal power
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about "I" language
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Identifies the speaker as the source of a message
-Way of accepting responsibility for a message by describing one's reaction to a behavior without making any judgments about its worth 1) Describes the other person's behavior 2) Describes your feelings 3) Describes the consequences the behavior has for you -Should use all 3 parts when the chances of being misunderstood or getting a defensive reaction are high, but in other cases, 1 or 2 of the parts are sufficient -Should be used in moderation because large doses of ""I"" language can sound egotistical and is a marker of self-absorbed people or conversational narcissists |
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recommendation for "I" language
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use descriptive ""I"" messages in conflicts when the other person doesn't perceive a problem
-combine ""I"" with ""we"" in conversations |
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characteristics that distinguish nonverbal from verbal communication
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1) often unconscious
2) usually relational 3) inherently ambiguous 4) primarily shaped by biology 5) continuous 6) multi-channeled |
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functions served by nonverbal communication with respect to verbal communication
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1) create & maintain relationships
2) regulating interaction 3) influence others 4) concealing/deceiving 5) managing identity |
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various types of nonverbal communication
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face and eyes
body movement touch voice proxemics territoriality time physical attractiveness physical environment |
