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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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war, peace, & int. agreements depend on degree of: |
-cooperation: liberalism, positive sum game, means giving something up (not coordination) -conflict: realism, zero sum game, systematic, state=main actor, cooperation is a strategy -distribution of economic power: inequality within/between countries, structuralism -ideas- threats are socially constructed, constructivism, anarchy is what you make of it |
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history according to realists |
-repeated cycles between empires & equilibrium -European states became most important global powers in 17th & 18th centuries |
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history according to liberals |
-gradual expansion of interdependence -division of labor & trade increased -commerce & communication helped create modern states -communities have interest to build interactions, power not most important |
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history according to constructivism |
-mythology & religion shaped people's identities -major religions shaped distinctive civilizations -culture reinforced linguistic/ethnic differences |
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WWI case study |
-realist: unification of Germany= new power, UK= declining hegemon, security dilemma caused by alliances -liberalist: cause= uncertainty, lack of institutions & diplomacy -constructivist: conflict between shared/competitive identities, nationalism= prominent ideology in Europe |
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power transition theory vs. balance of power theory |
-realist perspective differences -power transition: focus on declining power, objective = status quo -balance of power: focus on rising power, objective = revisionist |
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realist perspective |
-most important actor = state -role of the state: serve its own interests -int. economic system is conflictual- negative sum game -objective of economic policy= increase power/security of nation in int. system -politics more important than economics |
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liberal perspective |
-actors= individuals, IOs, consumers, etc. -role of the state: est./enforce property rights -int. economic system is harmonious- positive sum game -objective of economic policy= enhance individual social welfare -economics more important than politics |
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marxist perspective |
-most important actor = classes -role of the state: instrument of capitalist class, state power sustains capitalism -int. economic system is exploitative- rich exploit poor (individuals & states) -objective of economic policy= promote equitable distribution of income & wealth -economics more important than politics
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power |
-A's ability to impose B to do something B would not otherwise do -soft power: ability to get another actor to do something without force e.g. charisma, patriotism, education, credibility of threats |
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types of neo-realism |
-defensive: state's power is for survival -offensive: power is for hegemony; there are no status quo powers |
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types of neo-liberalism |
-republican: democracy produces peaceful relations -commercial: economic exchanges make war irrational -institutionalist: sharing int. organizations diminishes mistrust between states |
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historical phases of liberalism |
-liberal internationalism: 19th century, enlightenment-reason generates freedom & justice, Adam Smith- invisible hand -idealism: early 20th century, normative (how world should be), peace built politically -neo-liberal institutionalism: end of 20th century, benefits from cooperation, transnational politics, interdependence |
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assumptions of liberalism |
-multi-centric approach: many sources of power -state is not rational- has incomplete information -agenda is wide & diversified- low politics impt. too, not just national security -rule of law is vital- builds predictable, stable system -focus on absolute gains- all states have an advantage in cooperation |
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assumptions of realism |
-pessimistic view of human nature -anarchic system forces states to self-help -focus on national security & state survival -int. relations conflictual & competitive -to increase security, states should: increase military, build alliances, negotiate treaties -int. law is voluntary |
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Smith vs. Ricardo |
-Smith: absolute advantage- if a country can produce more goods with less labor than another country, it has no interest in trade -Ricardo: comparative advantage- even if a country is better at producing both goods, it has an interest in trade because of opportunity cost |
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assumptions of Marxism |
-structure= independent variable, influences behavior of the state -int. relations are effect of dominant economic structure; historical changes reflect economic development -dependence= domination mechanism- some benefit from capitalism, damages others -structure of society det. by forces of production |
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constructivism |
-most recent, by Wendt -intermediate position in agent-structure debate -int. affairs= product of social construction -actors socially constituted & emotion-driven -state behavior shaped by ideas, norms, & institutions -not a "rationalist" theory- no absolute truth |
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positivist epistomology |
social reality can be studied (constructivism) |
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history from constructivist perspective |
-Hobbessian culture: characterized by survival & violence, no cooperation -Lockean Culture: born 1648 with Westphalia, characterized by rivalry, roots of liberalism -Kantian culture: partnership, legitimacy of norms, roots of constructivism |
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Levels of analysis |
Systemic, international, domestic, individual -level 1: individuals -level 2: states & societies -level 3: international system (anarchic) |
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agent-structure issue |
Does structure influence behavior of the actor of is actor independent of the system |
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Treaty of Westphalia |
-1648- model for modern nations -non-interference by foreign countries -leaders decide religion of their countries -notion of sovereignty within territory -balance of power- instability of alliances prevents hegemony |
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Huntington |
-Theory of world divided in 9 civilizations -sovereignty isn't important today, only the civilizations |
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All IR theories include: |
-power- realist focus -ideas- constructivist focus -institutions- liberal focus |
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Order in the IR system according to realists |
-occurs when power is at equilibrium- mutual deterrance -hegemonic stability- power is unequally distributed, creates de facto hierarchy that creates stability |
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Modes of production in Western world according to Marxism |
1. slavery 2. feudalism 3. capitalism- bourgeoisie own factors of production & exploit proletariat |
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Origin of social structures according to constructivists |
-int. system derived from shared knowledge, material resources, & intersubjective practices |
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Actors in international relations |
-nations/states -individuals -companies (increasingly transnational) -IGOs- Nato, UN -transnational actors- terrorist organizations -NGOs- power to mobilize populations through media- Amnesty International, Green Peace |
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World divisions are about economic power |
-alternate theory to Huntington/Westphalia -countries at head of G8 have power- agenda-setting -G20 increasingly has power- emerging countries |
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neoliberalism |
-promotes market economy under strong state -laissez-faire economy, free enterprise
-favors social progress through reform -globalization= positive |
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neoliberalism |
-promotes market economy under strong state -western democratic values -laissez-faire economy, free enterprise -deregulation & privatization -favors social progress through reform -globalization= positive |
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neorealism |
-states are principal actors, globalization challenges some areas of state authority -Waltz- structural realism- international system determines state behavior |
