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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define the term antimicrobial resistance |
It's a broad term used to describe any microorganism (fungi, bacteria, parasite or virus) no longer responding to a drug that it used to be sensitive to |
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What's the difference for antibiotic resistance? |
This is only related to bacteria |
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Name a common first antibiotic discovered by Alexander flemming |
Penicillin 1940's very safe |
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What type of bacteria did penicillin work against? |
Gram positive bacteria |
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Bacteria can be split into two main groups gram + and - . What are the two main features of a gram positive bacteria? |
Gram positive Plasma membrane and peptidoglycan (quite exposed bacteria) the antibiotics can interact with that peptidoglycan layer Gram negative They stain Same inner layer and same peptidoglycan layer however has an extra outer membrane made of lipopolysacharide proteins (makes it harder for the drugs to enter) so gram negative are harder to treat |
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How does the bacteria evolve? |
Natural selection Antibiotics kill most but some survive to reproduce so the next generation are very resistant |
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Name a common method of how a bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant |
It might randomly start producing an enzyme that can break down the drug before killing the bacteria |
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The enzyme beta lactamase allowed penicillin resistance in bacteria. Are there other major antibiotics under threat? |
Yes all forms |
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What is the type of antibiotic we use now in response to this? |
Broad spectrum antibiotics. Any antibiotic that is active against a wide range of bacteria especially against gram positive and gram negative bacteria |
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How do bacteria spread their resistance? |
Through plasmids (self replicating circular units of DNA) they can move easily from one bacteria to another |
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Name a method of plasmids moving from one bacteria to another? |
Horizontal gene transfer Pilus (bridge) forms between the two bacteria This can occur between different strains of bacteria |
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Susceptibility tests involve what? |
You get a petri dish and put bacteria and antibiotic on it to see if the bacteria dies Allows us to see ahead of prescription whether the bacteria will survive |
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What are the two variables in the evolutionary race? |
Drug development and drug resistance |
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What are some of the societal behaviour human responses that may have lead to antimicrobial resistance? |
1.Not completing the full course of antibiotics 2.prescribing antibiotics for viral infections or prescribing the wrong antibiotic 3. Wrong dose could be prescribed not large enough ( could occur in lower developed countries with under trained doctors) 4. A lot of antibiotics are used In livestock 5. We have just overused antibiotics 6.we have some environments that are breeding grounds for bacteria e.g hospitals farms and communities where antibiotics have acted as selection pressure |
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Pathways of transmission between farms and animals and humans |
1. Lots of antimicrobial drug use 2. Humans in contact with animal 3. Manure and our sewage go into the environment 4. We eat the meat |
