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66 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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A. What are some Bacteria that can cause Infections |
1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Streptococcus pyogenes |
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What is Staphylococcus aureus |
Is a gram-positive usually arranged in grapelike clusters. |
1.found in skin and the nasopharynx 2. It produce enzymes and toxins responsible for its pathogenicity and also through direct invasion and destruction of tissue |
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What are some (Staphylococcus aureus) Skin infection can cause |
A.1. folliculitis A.2. Furuncle/boil A.3. Carbuncle A.4. Sty/Aordeolium A.5. Impetigo A.6. Ritter's disease/SSSS (Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome)
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A. How do you get Skin Infection? |
-Direct contact with a person having purulent lesions -from hands of healthcare/hospital workers (Nosocomial Infections) -through fomites like bed linens and contaminated clothing |
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A.2. What is Folliculitis? |
it is a pyogenic (pus-producing) infection involving the hair follicle |
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A.2. What is Furuncle/Boil? |
-is an extension of folliculitis - characterized by larger and painful nodules, with underlying collection of dead and necrotic tissue. |
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A.3. What is Carbuncle? |
-Represents a coalescence of furuncles that extends into subcutaneous tissue with multiple sinus tracts. |
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A.4. What is Sty/ Aordeolium? |
-Folliculitis occuring at the base of the eyelids |
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A.5. What is Impetigo? |
- Common in your children and primarily involves the face and limbs - Initially it starts as a flattened red spot (macule) which later on becomes a pus-filled vesicle that ruptures and forms crust (honey-colored crust) - It may be caused by both S. aureus and S. pyogenes |
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A.6. What is Ritter's Disease/ SSSS - (staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome)? |
Primarily a disease of newborns and young children Manifestation: A. abrupt onset of perioral erythema (redness) that covers the whole body within two days. B. Later, the lessions develop into bullae and cutaneous blister which undergo desquamation. C. Within 7-10 days, the skin become intact again EXFOLIATIVE TOXIN - the toxin responsible for the manifestation |
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How do you Diagnosis (S. Aureus) in the Lab? |
Microscopic examination of Gram-stained specimen and culture |
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What are the Treatment and Prevention for (S. Aureus)? |
TOC - Beta Lactam antibiotics like penicillin Oxacillin - only penicillin derived antibiotic that has remained active against S. aureus |
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2. What is Streptococcus pyogenes? |
- are Gram-positive cocci - Group A beta-hemolytic (cause complete hemolysis of blood) - Its major virulence factor is M protein which is anti-phagocytic. - Also produce enzymes and toxins responsible for the pathogenesis of infections caused by the organism |
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Mode of transmission (S. pyogenes) |
2.A Pyoderma/impetigo |
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2.A What is Pyoderma/Impetigo? |
-a purulent skin infection that is localized, commonly involving the face and the upper and lower extremities - the vesicle rupture and form a honey-colored crust *Pyoderma gangrenosum *Erysipelas *Scarlet fever/scarlatina *Cellulitis *Necrotizing fascitis (Flesh eating) *Pseudomonas aeroginosa |
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How do you Diagnose ( S. pyogenes) in the Lab? |
Microscopy culture Bacitracin test (anti susceptibility test)
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what are the Treatment for (S. Pyogenes)? |
DOC - Penicillin Erythromycin or Cephalosporin if allergic to penicillin |
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what is Glumerulonephritis associated with? |
associated with skin infection |
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what is Rheumatic fever associated with? |
associated with S. pyrogen throat infection |
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B. Where can Fungal skin infections happen? |
A. Superficial Mycoses B. Cutaneous, Hair and Nail Mycoses/Dermatophytoses |
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A.1. What causes Tinea versicolor/pityriasis versicolor? |
Causative agent: Malassezia furfur (normal flora of the parts of the body in which the skin is with rich sebaceous glands) |
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A.1. what is the Signs and Symptoms for Tinea versicolor? |
lessions are discrete hypo or hyperpigmented macules that are scaly and presenting with a dry chalky appearance |
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A.1 How do you diagnose Tinea versicolor |
Microscopic visualization of "spaghetti and meatballs" appearance of M. furfur with an alkaline stain |
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A.1. what is the Treatment for Tinea versicolor |
application of Keratolytic agent containing selenium disulfide or salicylic acid and topical antifungal drugs like Ketoconazole |
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A.2. What causes Tinea Nigra? |
exophilia wernecki (a fungus that produces melanin) |
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A.2. what is the Signs and Symptoms for Tinea Nigra? |
lesions involve the palms and soles and are described as gray to black, well demarcated macules |
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A.2. What is the Treatment for Tinea Nigra |
Application of KEROTOLYTIC agent containing selenium disulfide or salicylic acid and topical antifugal drugs like KETOCONAZOLE (same as Tinea versicolor) |
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A.2. How do you diagnose Tinea Nigra in the Lab? |
Diirect microscopic exam of skin scrapping with potassium HCL and culture using sabouraud's dextrose agar medium |
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B. What is Cutaneous, Hair and Nail Mycoses/Dermatophytoses? |
-Fungal infections of the living layers of skin (dermis), hair shafts and nails -Commonly called Tinea infection or Ringworm infections |
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B.1. what is the three genera that can cause these infections? |
a. Microsporum - infect the hair and nails only b. Trichophyton - infect the skin, hair and nails c. Epidermophyton - infect the skin and nails only |
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B.2. Named in accordance with the anatomical site-involved: |
1. Tinea pedis - also known as athletes foot (feet) 2. Tinea capitis - scalp 3. Tinea corporis - body, face, trunk, major limbs 4. Tinea cruris - groin 5. Tinea manus - hands 6. Tinea barbae - beard 7. Tinea unguium - also known as onychomycosis (nails) |
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B.3. How do you diagnose Tinea Infections in the Lab |
1. Direct microscopic examination and culture. 2. Specimen for diagnosis are skin or nail scraping or hair cuttings from the affected areas. |
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B.4. what is the Treatment for Tinea Infections? |
administration of anti-fungal drugs like azoles (miconazole, clotrimazozle, econazole). |
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C. What are some example of Virus Infections? |
1. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 2. Herpes simplex
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1.a Etiologic agent : |
*warts are caused by a DNA virus, the human papillomavirus (family Papovaviruses) *the virus is capable of transforming infected cell into malignancy |
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1.b. what are some Mode of transmission for HPV? |
a. direct contact throiugh mucosal or skin breaks b. sexual contact c. upon passage through infected birth canal d. the childhood habit of chewing warts |
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1.c. What are some Clinical findings of HPV |
1. Skin warts 2. Genital and anogenital warts |
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1.c. What is Skin Warts? |
- are benign, self-limiting proliferations of the skin that regress in time - flat, dome-shaped or plantar |
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1.c. What is Genital and Anogenital warts also known as? |
also known as condylmata acuminata |
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1.d. How do you Diagnose HPV in the Lab? |
Microscopic examination - the appearance of the lesions and histologic appearance that include hyperkeratosis |
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1.e. What are some Treatment - removal of the lesions can you do? |
1. surgical excision 2. cryosurgery 3. electrocautery 4. application of caustic agents like 5. interferon for genital warts |
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1.f. what is the Prevention for HPV? |
Gardasil - vaccine was developed to prevent cervical cancer, and pre-cancerus genital lession |
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2. What is Herpes Simplex (Greek: Creep or crawl) |
- a viral disease caused by the HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS type 1 and 2, DNA viruses under the family of human herpesviruses - HSV causes contagious infection with a large reservoir in the general population - Capable of latency in the neurons and are capable of recurrent infections |
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2.1 how can Herpes Simplex be transmitted? |
- Oral contact (Kissing) - Fomites (Sharing) - Transplacental (during pregnancy) - sexual contact - During childbirth |
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2.2 What are the 2 Types of HSV? |
A. HSV-1 can happen from general interactions such as: Eating from the same utensils, sharing lip balm or Kissing B. HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. Can be transmitted through: Direct contact with body fluids, lessions of an open wound |
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2.3 What are some Clinical Finding caused by Herpes Simplex |
1. Herpes labialis (fever blister or cold sore) 2. Gingivostomatitis 3. Herpetic whitlow 4. Eczema herpeticum 5. Herpes gladiatorum |
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2.3. Herpes labialis (Fever blister or cold sore) is caused by and located in? |
- recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infection - caused by HSV-1 and 2. - lesions are usually located at the vermillion border of the lips |
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2.3. Gingivostomatitis is located in and caused by what type of HSV |
- Caused by HSV-1 - It represents as vesicles that rupture the ulcerates - lesions are located in the buccal mucosa, palate, gingivae, pharynx and the tongue |
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2.3. herpetic witlow is located in and caused by what type of HSV |
- HSV Infections involving the fingers - caused by both HSV types 1 and 2 |
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2.4. Eczema herpeticum usually occurs with who? |
- HSV infection occuring in children with eczema |
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2.3. Herpes gladiatorum can be found in? and Usually acquired during? |
- HSV infection of the body and is usually acquired during wrestling or playing rugby |
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2.4. Pathophysiology - Clinical Findings. What is the Sign and symptoms of Herpes Simplex? |
Sign and Symptoms: Urination, Blistering sores, pain during intercourse |
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2.5. How do you Diagnose Herpes Simplex in the Lab? |
Specimen: Buccal/ cutaneous lesions *Cell culture * Using Tzack smear - to demonstrate the characteristic inclusion bodies known as the Cowdry type A inclusions and other histopathologic changes. |
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2.6. What is the Cure for HSV? How do you reduce recurrences |
No cure for HSV Reduce the recurrences. DOC - Acyclovir: Primary infection (<72 hrs.) Reduce the recurrences. Famciclovir: For resistan cases Valacyclovir: Famciclovir: For resistan cases Valacyclovir:
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2.7. What are some Prevention (methods) you can do for Herpes Simplex |
Barrier methods: use of condoms or dental dams Antivirals: reduce asymptomatic shedding Thru Patient Counseling and Education |
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2.7. How do you Prevent Herpes Simplex in (pregnancy) ? |
Since risk of transmission from mother to baby is more therefore suppressive therapy of antiviral are given during last month of pregnancy |
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What are some Infectious Disease of the Eyes |
Bacterial Conjunctivitis |
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What are some types of Bacterial Conjunctivitis |
1. Chlamydia trachomatis 2. Neisseria gonorrheae/Gonococcus |
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What is Tinea Pedis? |
Fungal infection in the foot A.k.a. Athletes foot |
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What is Tinea capitis? |
Fungal infection in the scalp |
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What is Tinea corporis? |
Fungal infection in the body, face, trunk and major limbs |
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What is Tinea Cruris |
Fungal infection in the groin |
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What is Tinea manus? |
Fungal infection in the hands |
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What is Tinea barbae? |
Fungal infection in the beard area |
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What is Tinea unguium |
Fungal infection of the Nails A.K.A ONYCHO MYCOSIS |
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What is Tinea infections commonly called? |
Ringworm infections |
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