Infection And Host Resistance

Front 1

The ability to ward off diseases through the defense of the body

Back 1

Resistance

Front 2

Vulnerability or lack of resistance

Back 2

Susceptibility

Front 3

2 body resistance to infection

Back 3

1. Non-specific resistance/Innate immunity

2. Specific resistance/Adaptive immunity

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Defenses that protect us against any pathogen, regardless of species

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Non-specific resistance/Innate immunity

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It includes the first and second line of defenses

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Non-specific resistance/Innate immunity

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2 first line of defense

Back 6

1. Skin

2. Mucous membrane

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4 second line of defense

Back 7

1. Phagocytes

2. Inflammation

3. Fever

4. Antimicrobial substances

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A third line of defense the body provides against particular pathogens

Back 8

Specific resistance/Adaptive immunity

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Cells of the immune system

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Lymphocytes

Front 10

4 differences of Innate and Adaptive Immune System

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Innate:

1. Response is non-specific

2. Exposure leads to immediate maximal response

3. No immunological memory

4. Found in nearly all forms of life

Adaptive:

1. Pathogen and antigen specific response

2. Lag time between exposure and maximal response

3. Exposure leads to immunological memory

4. Found only in jawed vertebrates

Front 11

Is what we are born with and it is nonspecific

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Innate immunity system

Front 12

6 surface barriers or mucosal immunity

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1. Skin

2. Ciliary action

3. Sticky mucus

4. Acid pH of skin

5. Lysozyme

6. Hydrochloric acid

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Cannot be penetrated by most organisms unless it has an opening

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Skin

Front 14

Pathogens are expelled from the lungs

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Ciliary action

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Function of sticky mucus

Back 15

Traps many microorganisms

Front 16

Secretions inhibit bacterial growth

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Acid pH (<7.0)

Front 17

An enzyme that destroys gram positive bacterial cell walls causing cell lysis

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Lysozyme

Front 18

In semen that destroys some pathogens

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Spermine and zinc

Front 19

Is a powerful enzyme found in mother's milk

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Lactoperoxidase

Front 20

Secreted by the stomach mucosa that kill many pathogens

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Hydrochloric acid

Front 21

Are the microbes, mostly bacteria, that live in and on the body with usually no harmful effects to us

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Normal flora

Front 22

Is a cell that attracts, adheres to, engulfs, and ingests foreign bodies

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Phagocyte

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How do phagocytes attract?

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Chemotaxis

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Process of engulfment of the invading particle within an evagination of the phagocyte's cell membrane

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Phagocytosis

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2 additional enzymes secreted by phagocytosis

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1. Reactive oxygen intermediates (O2-, H2O2, OH)

2. Reactive nitrogen intermediates

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5 phagocytic cells

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1. Macrophages

2. Natural killer cells

3. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils

4. Eosinophils

5. Dendritic cells

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Long-lived, depend on mitochondria for energy, and are the best at attacking dead cells and pathogens

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Macrophages

Front 28

All cells that serves as an alarm are called

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Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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Proteins that are placed

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Epitopes

Front 30

Roam the blood vessels and can leave them to go to an infection site where they destroy dead tissue and pathogens

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Non-fixed or wandering macrophages

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Emigration by squeezing through the capillary walls to the tissue

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Diapedesis or extravasation

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Move in the blood and lymph to lyse cancer cells and virus-infected body cells

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Natural killer cells

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Are phagocytes that have no mitochondria and get their energy from stored glycogen

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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils or polys

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Release major basic protein (MBP), cationic protein, perforins and oxygen metabolites that work together to burn holes in cells and helminths (worms)

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Eosoniphils

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Percentage of eosinophils in WBCs

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13%

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Lifespan of eosinophils

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8 to 12 days

Front 37

Covered with a maze of membranous processes

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Dendritic cells

Front 38

3 functions of inflammation

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1. Destroy the injurious agent, and remove it and its product from the body

2. Limit its effect on the body by confining or walling off the injurious agent and its by-products

3. Repair or replace tissue damage by the agent and its by-product

Front 39

3 functions of fever

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1. Mobilizes defenses

2. Accelerates repairs

3. Inhibits pathogen

Front 40

What is released during fever?

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Pyrogens

Front 41

A system of non-self recognition results in increased resistance to specific foreign substances

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Specific resistance/Adaptive/Acquired immunity

Front 42

Any substance with MW>3000, most commonly CHONs and usually foreign to host and stimulate an immune response

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Antigens

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2 fundamental adaptive mechanisms

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1. Cell-mediated immunity

2. Humoral immunity

Front 44

Associated with cell surfaces; provided for by T lymphocytes

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Cell-mediated immunity

Front 45

Protein hormones that produce effects on the same cell that produce them, on cells nearby, or in cells distant in the body

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Cytokins

Front 46

3 cells under cell-mediated immunity

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1. Cytotoxic or killer T cells (CD8+)

2. Helper T cells (CD4+)

3. Suppressor T cells

Front 47

Do their work by releasing lymphotoxins

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Cytotoxic or killer T cells (CD8+)

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Serve as managers, directing the immune response

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Helper T cells

Front 49

What is secreted by Helper T cells?

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Lymphokines

Front 50

Inhibit the production of cytotoxic T cells once they are unneeded

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Suppressor T cells

Front 51

Are programmed to recognize and respond to a pathogen once it has invaded and been repelled

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Memory T cells

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Based on antibodies produced by lymphocytes

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Humoral immunity

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5 immunoglobulins

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1. IgM

2. IgG

3. IgA

4. IgD

5. IgE

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Are soluble proteins secreted by the plasma offspring (clones) of primed B cells

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Immunoglobulins

Front 55

4 antibodies inactivate antigens by

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1. Complement fixation

2. Neutralization

3. Agglutination

4. Precipitation

Front 56

Proteins attach to antigen surface and cause holes to form cell lysis

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Complement fixation

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Binding to specific sites to prevent attachment

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Neutralization

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Clumping

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Agglutination

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Forcing insolubility and setting out of solution

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Precipitation

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2 portals of entry

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1. Mucous membranes

2. Breaks in skin

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6 organisms have to adhere

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1. Capsule

2. Fimbriae (Pili)

3. Cell walls of some bacteria

4. Outer membrane of gram negative organisms

5. Bacterial enzyme

6. Bacterial toxins

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Helps to attach but also impeded phagocytocis

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Capsule

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Examples of microorganisms in capsule (3)

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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

2. Klebsiella pneumoniae

3. Streptococcus mutans

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Are often tissue specific

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Fimbriae (Pili)

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Example of microorganisms in fimbriae (pili) (4)

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1. E. coli

2. Bordetella pertusis (whooping cough)

3. Neisseria gonorrhea

4. Streptococcus pyogenes

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Examples of microorganisms in cell walls of some bacteria (3)

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1. Streptococcus pyogenes

2. Staphylococcus aureus

3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Examples of microorganisms in bacterial enzymes (7)

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1. Leukocidins

2. Hemolysin

3. Coagulase

4. Bacterial kinases

5. Hyaluronidase

6. Collagenase

7. Siderophores

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Destroy phagocytic leukocytes

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Leukocidins

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Destroy RBCs

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Hemolysin

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Makes fibrin clot

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Coagulase

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Digest fibrin clots

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Bacterial kinases

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Dissolves hyaluronic acid

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Hyaluronidase

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Dissolves collagen

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Collagenase

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Scavenge iron

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Siderophores

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3 classification of exotoxins

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1. Cytotoxins

2. Neurotoxins

3. Enterotoxins

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7 bacterial toxins - exotoxins

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1. Diptheria toxin

2. Erythrogenic toxin

3. Botulinum toxin

4. Tetanus toxin

5. Cholera toxin

6. E. coli enterotoxin

7. S. aureus enterotoxin

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Phage with tox gene

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Diptheria toxin

Front 78

Host response causes fever and rash and damage to capillaries

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Superantigen

Front 79

Hits the neuromuscular junction

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Botulinum toxin

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Hits the CNS

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Tetanus toxin

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Stimulates adenyl cyclase

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Cholera toxin

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Very similar to cholera toxin

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E. coli enterotoxin

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Has choleragen-like activity but is also a superantigen

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S. aureus enterotoxin

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3 bacteria that are able to survive inside phagocytic cells

Back 84

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2. Salmonella typhi

3. Neisseria gonorrhea