Immunohematology Final 2013

Front 1

1. Select the cell involved in humoral immunity?

Back 1

B lymphocytes

Front 2

Opsonization is a term to describe what process?

Back 2

Binding to cells or antigens

Front 3

Select the substance that regulates the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors?

Back 3

Cytokines

Front 4

Select the term that is associated with the B-cell response to antigens?

Back 4

Humoral Immunity

Front 5

Which of the following is responsible for the activation of the classic pathway of complement?

Back 5

Antibody bound to antigen

Front 6

The major histocompatibility complex is located on chromosome 6 and is important in all the following immune functions except:

Back 6

Hemolysis

Front 7

A poor response to platelet transfusion that can be caused by antibodies to human leukocyte antigens is known as :

Back 7

Refractoriness

Front 8

In a lymphocytotoxicity test, cells that take on the dye:

Back 8

Are recognized by a specific antibody

Front 9

In a serologic, test the term prozone is also known as

Back 9

Antibody excess

Front 10

What is the potential effect in a tube agglutination test if a red cell suspension with a concentration greater than 5% is used?

Back 10

False Negatives

Front 11

After adding antigen and antibody to a test tube, on large agglutinate was observed. how should this reaction be graded?

Back 11

4+

Front 12

Select the portion of the antibody molecule that imparts the antibodies unique class function.

Back 12

Constant region of the heavy chain

Front 13

What portion of the antibody molecule binds to receptors on macrophages and assists in the removal of antibody bound to the red cell?

Back 13

Fc Fragment

Front 14

Select the region of the antibody molecule responsible for imparting unique antibody specificity

Back 14

Variable Region

Front 15

What immunoglobulin class is capable of crossing the placenta?

Back 15

IgG

Front 16

What immunoglobulin class reacts best at room temperature at Immediate spin (IS)?

Back 16

IgM

Front 17

An antigen that originates from the individual is termed:

Back 17

Autologous

Front 18

Which of the following will cause an antigen to elicit a greater immune response?

Back 18

Size greater than 10,000 Daltons

Front 19

Extravascular destruction of blood cells occurs in the:

Back 19

Spleen

Front 20

It was observed that an antibody identified in the transfusion service appeared to be reacting stronger following the second exposure to an antigen from a transfusion. The most likely explanation of this is:

Back 20

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Front 21

In the complement cascade, lysis of the target cell is mediated by which of the following components:

Back 21

C5 to C9

Front 22

In order to enahcne the reaction of an antibody in vitro, it may be necessary to adjust which of the following ?

Back 22

Increase the incubation time in the incubator

Front 23

Hemolysis was observed at room temperature when testing a patients serum with reagent red cells used for screening. When this test was repeated using the patients plasma, no hemolysis was observed. What was the most likely explanation for the different reactions?.

Back 23

Complement activation was inhibited by calcium in the plasma sample.

Front 24

Which class of HLA antigens would be typed when matching patient and donors for platelet transfusion?

Back 24

Class I only

Front 25

The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) is a procedure that has been used in HLA testing to determine:

Back 25

B and D: Class II HLA antigen determination and compatibility testing for tissue typing

Front 26

A patients records indicated that he had a history of an antibody to HPA-1a. What is the significance of this antibody if this patient requires a platelet transfusion?

Back 26

The patient would require HPA-1a negative platelets, which are relatively rare.

Front 27

HLA matching between the donor and recipient is important for progenitor cell transplantation to avoid:

Back 27

A and B: graft versus host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection

Front 28

Found in secretions, such as breast milk

Back 28

IgA

Front 29

Able to cross the placenta

Back 29

IgG

Front 30

Associated with allergic reactions and mast cell activation

Back 30

IgE

Front 31

Associated with intravascular cell destruction

Back 31

IgM

Front 32

Efficient in activation of the complement cascade

Back 32

IgM

Front 33

Has the highest serum concentration

Back 33

IgG

Front 34

Associated with immediate spin in vitro reactions

Back 34

IgM

Front 35

Has the highest number of antigen binding sites

Back 35

IgM

Front 36

What is the variable region of an immunoglobulin?

Back 36

Idiotype

Front 37

What imparts flexibility to the immunoglobulin molecule?

Back 37

Hinge region

Front 38

What is the part of antigen that the immunoglobulin binds to?

Back 38

Epitope

Front 39

the type of immunoglobulin determined by the heavy chain?

Back 39

Isotype

Front 40

One of the two types of light chains

Back 40

Kappa

Front 41

Select the test that uses IgG-sensitized red cells (check cells).

Back 41

Antiglobulin Test

Front 42

Select the method that uses a dextran-acrylaminde matrix

Back 42

Gel technology

Front 43

What reagent contains antibodies to multiple antigen epitopes?

Back 43

Polyclonal-based

Front 44

The evidence for reagent red cell deterioration may include which of the following?

Back 44

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Front 45

Reagent antibodies prepared from human sources are:

Back 45

polyclonal in specificity

Front 46

Monoclonal antibodies are prepared in:

Back 46

IN vitro

Front 47

Which of the following is not an advantage of using a monoclonal antibody over polyclonal antibody?

Back 47

All variations of the antigen can be detected

Front 48

Product limitations and technical considerations for each reagent can be found in the :

Back 48

Product Insert

Front 49

Solid-phase red cell adherence used antibody detection has an advantage over tube testing because:

Back 49

the endpoint is more clearly defined

Front 50

Which of the following statements is true regarding IgG-sensitized red cells?

Back 50

They must be used to confirm a negative antiglobulin tube test.

Front 51

the gel technology method uses a conentration of red cells that is :

Back 51

lower than tube techniques

Front 52

The antiglobulin test was performed using gel technology. A button of red cells was observed at the bottom of the microtube following centrifugation. This result indicates a :

Back 52

negative reaction

Front 53

Which of the following statements is true regarding high-protein anti-D reagent?

Back 53

ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE

Front 54

How would you interpret the results if both the anti-D reagent and the RH control were 2+ agglutination reactions ?

Back 54

Unable to determine without further testing

Front 55

Which red cells are used to screen for antibodies in donor samples?

Back 55

Pooled screening Cells

Front 56

Poly specific antihuman globulin contains?

Back 56

anti-IgG and anti-C3d

Front 57

the indirect antihuman globulin test is incubated at what temperature?

Back 57

37 degrees C

Front 58

Why is incubation ommited in the direct antihuman globulin test?

Back 58

The antigen-antibody complex has already formed in vivo.

Front 59

In the sold-phase red cell adherence test, a negative test would appear as:

Back 59

a button of cells on the bottom of the well.

Front 60

Following centrifugation of the gel card, red cells are observed to be evenly dispersed throughout one of the microtubes. This reaction could be graded as:

Back 60

2+

Front 61

What immunoglobulin class reacts best by antiglobulin testing?

Back 61

IgG

Front 62

Which of the following red cell antigens do proteoltic enzymes destroy?

Back 62

Antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b) in the Duffy System

Front 63

The purpose of adding antibody-sensitized red cells following the antiglobulin test is to :

Back 63

Check that the wash procedure was sufficient to remove unbound antibodies

Front 64

Polyethylene glycol is a reagent that can be added to the screen or panel in order to:

Back 64

Increase the avidity of IG antibodies

Front 65

Rouleaux is a false-positive reaction that would not likely be observed during which of the following test?

Back 65

Immediate spin antibody screen

Front 66

Reagent derived from plants used to distinguish group A1 from group A2 red cells

Back 66

Lectins

Front 67

Reagent used to determine the ABO antigenic composition of a patients red cells

Back 67

ABO antisera

Front 68

Reagent to detect the presence of red cell antibodies and B cells

Back 68

Screening Cells

Front 69

Reagent to identify the specificity of a red cells antibody antisera

Back 69

Panel Cells

Front 70

Reagent used in the identification of ABO antibodies

Back 70

A1 and B cells

Front 71

Incubation step is not necessary

Back 71

Direct antiglobulin Test

Front 72

Requires washing the cells several times before the addition of antihuman globulin reagent

Back 72

Both the dierct and indirect antiglobulin test

Front 73

Tests for certain clinical conditions such as hemolytic disease of the newborn and autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Back 73

Direct antiglobulin Test

Front 74

Detects IgG or complement red cells

Back 74

Both the dierct and indirect antiglobulin test

Front 75

A person whose red cells type as M+N+ with antisera would be:

Back 75

a heterozygote

Front 76

The children of an AB mother and a B father could phenotype as all of the following except:

Back 76

O

Front 77

Parents who are both phenotyped as group A cannot have a group O child.

Back 77

FALSE

Front 78

In a family studied, it was determined that all four siblings in the family had different blood type: A, B, O and AB. The parents were most likely?

Back 78

AO and BO

Front 79

If anti-M was reacted with red cells that are M+N+, how would they compare with red cells that are M+N-?

Back 79

Weaker

Front 80

A father carries the Xga blood group trait and passes it on to all of his daughters but to none of his sons. What type of inheritance pattern does this demonstrate?

Back 80

X-linked dominant

Front 81

Of the following marker that can be used to test for paternity, which marker provides the most useful statistical value?

Back 81

Human Leukocyte antigen typing

Front 82

Mitosis results in :

Back 82

two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original

Front 83

crossing over occurs during:

Back 83

Meiosis

Front 84

When an individual is said to be group A, it refers to the individual's:

Back 84

phenotype

Front 85

An advantage of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) for viral marker testing is:

Back 85

A small amount of DNA or RNA can be detected

Front 86

What is meant by the term autosomal?

Back 86

A trait that is not carried on the sex chromosomes

Front 87

How is RNA different from DNA?

Back 87

AL OF THE ABOVE

Front 88

If two traits were found to occur higher in a population together than each occurs separately, they may be linked. This would suggest that:

Back 88

The genes are close together on the same chromosome

Front 89

In a relationship testing, a "direct exclusion" is established when a genetic marker is:

Back 89

Present in the child but ABSENT in BOTH the mother and alleged father.

Front 90

In a random population, 16% of the population is homozygous for a particular trait. What percentage of the same population is heterozygous for that particular trait?

Back 90

48%

Front 91

Most blood group systems are inherited as:

Back 91

Autosomal Codominant

Front 92

The linked HLA genes on each chromosome are inherited as a :

Back 92

Haplotype

Front 93

In the PCR reaction, short pieces of single-stranded DNA that are complementary and mark the sequence to be amplified are called:

Back 93

Primers

Front 94

Hematopoietic progenitor cell engraftment evaluation following a transplant evaluates which specific markers in the recipient?

Back 94

Similarities and differences of short tandem repeats of DNA

Front 95

When two genes are close together on the same chromosome and are inherited as a "group" or "bundle" they are inherited as this

Back 95

Haplotype

Front 96

A gene that does not express a detectable product

Back 96

Amorphic Genes

Front 97

Equal expression of two or more alleles at a give gene locus

Back 97

Co-dominant genes

Front 98

Having two or more alleles at a given gene locus

Back 98

Polymorphic

Front 99

when a gene product is expressed only when it is inherited by both parents

Back 99

Recessive

Front 100

the binding of two complementary pairs of DNA

Back 100

Hybridization

Front 101

Marks the sequence to be amplified during PCR

Back 101

Primer

Front 102

Amplified target sequences of DNA produced by plymerase chain reaction

Back 102

Amplicon DNA sequence

Front 103

Short segment of DNa with a known sequence that can be labeled with a marker

Back 103

Probe

Front 104

Technique used to replicate a specific targeted

Back 104

Polymerase chain reaction

Front 105

What ABO phentype would agglutinate in the presence anti-A, B produced by group O individuals?

Back 105

A and B

Front 106

Which ABO phnotype selection contains the most H antigen and the least H antigen, respectively, on the red cells surface?

Back 106

O, A(1)B

Front 107

A recipient with group A phenotype requires a transfusion of 2 units of frozen plasma. Which of the following types are appropriate to select for transfusion?

Back 107

AB and A

Front 108

The test procedure that combines patient's serum with commercial A1 and B reagent red cells is called:

Back 108

ABO reverse grouping

Front 109

A group A man marries a group AB woman. The father of the group A man was group O. What possible ABO phenotypes could be expected in the offspring?

Back 109

Group A, B and AB

Front 110

According to Landsteiner's rule, what ABO antibody will be detected in a group A individual's serum?

Back 110

Anti-B

Front 111

Select the appropriate strategy if the results of red cell and serum testing in the ABO typing procedure have negative agglutination reactions.

Back 111

Incubate tubes at room temperature or 4 degrees C with an autocontrol

Front 112

What would be the agglutination reaction of red cells from a Bombay phenotype with anti-H lectin?

Back 112

Negative

Front 113

Given the following ABO Phenotyping data:
FOWARD Reverse
Anti-A: 2+mf A1 cells:0
Anti-B:0 B cells: 3+
What could be a plausible explanation for this discrepancy?

Back 113

Group O blood products given to group A

Front 114

What forward typing reagent can be used to confirm group O units before placing them in inventory?

Back 114

Anti- A, B

Front 115

Which of the following situations is most likely to cause intravascular hemolysis when an incompatible transfusion is given?

Back 115

Group B packed cells to a group O recipient

Front 116

A blood sample from a 90-year old man was submitted to the blood bank for a type and screen before surgery. The forward type demonstrates as a group A, whereas the reverse type appears to be group AB. The most likely cause of this discrepancy is:

Back 116

That the patient has low-titer isoagglutinins

Front 117

Most "naturally occurring" ABO system antibodies fall into which class?

Back 117

IgM

Front 118

What substances are found in the saliva of a group A person who also inherited the secretor gene?

Back 118

A, H

Front 119

What percentage of the group A population are type A2?

Back 119

20%

Front 120

Approximately what is the percentage of individuals who demonstrate H in their saliva?

Back 120

80%

Front 121

To distinguish between an A1 and A2 blood type, which reagent is used?

Back 121

Dolichos biflorus lectin

Front 122

Why is it sometimes necessary to distinguish A1 and A 2 blood types?

Back 122

To resolve a discrepancy between the forward and reverse typing

Front 123

The subgroup of A with the least amount of A antigen is?

Back 123

Ael

Front 124

What is the immunoglobulin sugar that corresponds with Group A?

Back 124

N-acetylgalactosamine

Front 125

What is the immunoglobulin sugar that corresponds with Group B?

Back 125

D-galactose

Front 126

What is the immunoglobulin sugar that corresponds with Group O?

Back 126

L-fucose

Front 127

What is the immunoglobulin sugar that corresponds with H antigen?

Back 127

L-fucose

Front 128

What is the immunoglobulin sugar that corresponds with Bombay?

Back 128

None of the above