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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the physical and mucosal barriers |
skin mucus enzymes in tears saliva and skin oils cough reflex genitourinary respiratory and GIT mucosa |
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what is the innate reposponse? |
Immediate but not specific granulocytes complement system non specific inflammatory reaction does not require memory to antigen 1st line of defence |
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What is the acquired immune response? |
activated by innate immune system created and retained after pathogen has been eliminated therefore allows adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered. Involves B and T cells as well as the previous innate components. 2nd line - protects against re-exposure |
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What causes immune reactions? |
Protein component of virus, bacteria, food polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (bacteria cell walls) Nucleic acids super antigens (TSS) |
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What is cross reactivity? |
When an antibody reacts with more than one antigen - can be one of the aspects responsible for auto-immunity |
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Innate immunity requires what? |
TNF-a- IL1 IL10 IL12 Type I interferons INF--Interferon gamma Chemokines |
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What is TNF-a? |
Tumour necrosis factor alpha produced by activated macrophages in response to microbes mediate of acute innflamation acts on hypothalamus to produce fever |
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What is IL1? |
Inflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages |
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What is IL10? |
Produced by activated macrophages inhibitory cytokine inhibits production of IFN-y by Th1 cells can help dampen immune responses |
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What is IL-12? |
Produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells
enhances the cytolytic functions of NK cells |
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What are Type 1 interferons?
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Inhibit viral replication in cells activate NK cells |
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What is INF-y Interferon Gamma? |
Cytokine produced primarily by Th1 cells |
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What are chemokine? |
chemotactic cytokines produced by many kinds of leukocytes and other cells types Represent large family of molecules that function to rectuit leukocytes to sites of infection and play a role on lymphocyte trafficking. |
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What are eicosanoids? |
Local hormones |
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Eicosanoids play a role in? |
inflammation and pain fever regulation of blood pressure blood clotting immune system Modulation control of reproductive processes and tissue growth regulation of sleep/wake cycle |
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How are eicosanoids synthesised? |
EFA in phospholipid bilayer which are released by the enzyme phospholipase A2 Arachidonic acid is the most commonly released EFA with highest affinity for PA2 |
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How does Prostaglandins series 2 affect immune system? |
Mediator in chronic infections and cancer suppresser inflammatory mediators modulates chemokine production, inhibiting attraction of pro-inflammatory cells |
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How do immunoglobulins work? |
Complement fixation - proteins attach to antigen surface and cause holes to form Neutralization - binds to specific sites to prevent attachment agglutination precipitation - forcing insolubility and settling out of solution |
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Properties of IgG |
The most versatile Can cross placental barrier so is responsible for conferring immunity to the newborn Mainly prepares the antigen for phagocytosis by other cells |
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Properties of IgM? |
First to be made by the foetus and the first to be made by a virgin B Cell which stimulated by antigen Larger than other immunoglubulins Dominant antibody produced in primary immune responses |
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Properties of IgA |
Major class of Ig in secretions, tears, saliva, colostrum, mucus Important in mucosal immunity |
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Properties of IgE |
Least common - binds tightly to receptors on basophils and mast cells even before interacting with antigen. Involved in allergic reactions. Levels rise in parasitic diseases |
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How do antibodies prevent infection? |
Attaching to surface of invading pathogens and aiding their disposal before they can infect cells. Once a pathogen has entered a cell B cells are unable to access them. |
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What is GALT? |
Gut associated lymphoid tissue |
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What does GALT do? |
Provide first line of defence against foreign invaders. Comprises 2 layers of defence: - secretory IgA response - antigens that escape the SigA surveillance can enter mucosal layer where GALT provides second layer of defence |
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When can SiGA levels drop? |
when someone is under stress. |
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How can immune response from gut flora and GALT be modified? |
Prebiotics and probiotics |
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What is the hygiene hypotheses? |
Children not being exposed to allergens early on in life are harmed from an immunological perspective and likely to have a dysfunctional immune system later on in life. |
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How can TH1 dominance be reduced? |
Vit D Plant phytosterols effect is moderation of immune response, reducing inflammation and allergies and increasing resistance to infection. Quercetin Improve neurotransmitter balance |
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What can inhibit nitric oxide and tyrosine kinase? |
Quercetin |
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Which strains of probiotics can improve immune response? |
Lactobacillus casei shirota L.Rahmnosus GG L.Plantarum NCIMB 8826 L.Reuteri Bifidobacterium longum |
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How are beta gluons beneficial for immune system? |
infection prevention immune enhancing antioxidant insulin resistance high cholesterol |
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Which mushrooms are beta gluons found in? |
Reishi Shiitake Maitake |
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What can reishi be used for? |
Liver function anti-inflammatory adaptogen cancer DT2 Chronic hep b post-herpatic pain |
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Shiitake mushrooms can be used for? |
Adjuvanct in chemo HIV genital herpes |
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Maitake mushrooms can be used for? |
Diabetes cancer immune enhancement |
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White mushrooms can be used for? |
Increase sIgA activates macrophages in vitro |
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What is thought to be the driver of chronic inflammation? |
Imbalance in the innate system. |
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What can reduce inflammation? |
Alpha-lipoic acid Vit C and E N-acetyle cysteine Flavanoids from citrus, kaemperferol and quercetin resveratrol curcumin |
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How does quercetin work? |
direct inhibition of initial processes of inflammation via interaction with calcium channels. Mast cell and basophil degranulation is an active process that requires calcium influx Quercetin inhibits receptor-mediated calcium influx thereby inhibiting primary signal for degranulation. |
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Which enzymes does querctin inhibit? |
Phospholipase A2 lipoxygenase |
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How does turmeric work as an anti-inflammatory? |
Inhibition of leukotriene formation inhibits platelet aggregation promotion of fibrinolysis antioxidant |
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How does ginger support immune system? |
Inhibits prostaglandin, thromboxane and leukotriene synthesis through blocking enzymes. antioxidant contains a protease with actions similar to bromelaine anti-fungal |
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What should be avoided as part of anti-inflammatory diet? |
Excess PUFA and Trans fat Avoid processed meats that contain sodium nitrates or nitrites artificial colourings diet beverages large fish - tuna and swordfish farm raised salmon -PCBs limit red meat |
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What should be included as part of anti-inflammatory diet? |
Organic fruits, veg, free range eggs and meats olive oil or coconut oil O3 |
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Autoimmune disorders are conditions caused by? |
Immune response against the body's own tissues. immune system mistakes own cells for antigens. |
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What can be involved in the damage in autoimmune diseases? |
Antobodies Effector T cells |
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Which antigen aids the immune system to recognise self from non-self? |
human leukocyte antigen |
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Sequestered antigen theory - autoimmune? |
some lymphoid cells may not have been exposed to various self antigens as they matured, hence when they get into the wrong place in the body, they might not recognise self. |
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Escape of auto-reactive closed - autoimmune? |
T cells in the training ground of the thymus may not be fully trained enough before they are released into the system |
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Lack of regulatory t-cells - autoimmune? |
Fewer regulatory T cells in many auto-immune diseases and an imbalance in the TH1/ TH2 ratio |
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Cross-reactive antigens - autoimmune? |
Antigens on certain pathogens may have determinants which cross react with self antigens and an immune response against these determinants may lead to effector cell or antibodies against tissue antigens. Post streptococcal nephritis and carditis, anticardiolipin antibodies during syphilis and association between Klebsiella and ankylosing spondylitis are examples of such cross reactivity. |
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Klebsiella is associated with which autoimmune disorder? |
Ankylosing spondylitis |
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Citrobacter, klebsiella, proteus and porphyromonas is associated with which autoimmune disorder? |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Yersinia is associated with which autoimmune disorder? |
Graves disease and hashimotos |
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S.Pyogenes is associated with which autoimmune disorder? |
Theumatic fever |
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Campylobacter is associated with which autoimmune disorder |
Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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Chlamydia is associated with which autoimmune disorder? |
MS |
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E.Coli and proteus is associated with which autoimmune disorder? |
Autoimmunity in general |
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What is the dual signal hypothesis in relation to autoimmune disorders? |
The primary lesion - viral or bacterial infection AND Immune dysregulation |
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What is the primary lesion with regard to autoimmunity? |
The drive to react to self and can be caused by: Infection and infestation chronic tissue destruction or excessive apoptosis |
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What are mycoplasmas? |
Genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall can pass through bacteria retaining filters not affected by antibiotics |
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What is the role of mycoplasmas with regard autoimmune disease? |
Provide the causing primary lesion contributing to the immune dysregulation by provoking a broad range of immune responses being the actual pathogenic agent which direct infect the target tissue causing inflammation |
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factors that protect the bowel/immune system? |
intestinal wall integrity liver integrity phagocytic function in liver |
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Potential causes of pathological increase in gut permeability? |
Disturbance of normal intestinal flora endotoxaemia inflammation and infection nsaids prolonged exercise iscaemia and oxidative stress genetic components or other diseases |
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What can dysregulate the immune response? |
infection endotoxaemia allergy or chemical sensitivity genetic factors food intake injury stress cancer |
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Which test can be useful when dealing with AI? |
C-Reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate can be used to motor inflammation, which is associated with autoimmune disorders. It is not specific enough to diagnose a particular disease but useful to monitor treatment and degree of inflammation. |
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What is the FANA test? |
the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test. reliable first step for identifying autoantibodies used to detect abnormal antibodies |
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Orthodox treatment for autoimmune diseases |
Corticosteroids and immunosuppreants - can lead to infections because weaken immune system. NSAIDS - inflammation Intravenous immunoglobulin transfusion - boosts immune response and decrease risk of infection |
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Diet for autoimmune? |
Remove gluten, casein, grains, processed foods. Optimise fibre intake O3 dairy free and low starch may help AS Low sulphur diet may help UC |
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NT management goals? |
Optimise gut and liver function remove infections address food intolerances or allergies reduce oxidative load reduce inflammatory load balance Th1/Th2/Th17 levels remove smoking introduce stress management |
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Key factors in immune dysregulation? |
Chronic sinus disease exposure to solvents or mercury stress antigenic factors in diet general poor immunity Vit D B12 cigs bowel flora dysbiois |
