Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Fluid Therapy Rate for Adult Horses and Cattle |
2 mL/kg/hr |
|
|
Replacement Fluid Bolus Size |
20 mL/kg up to 60 mL/kg in one hour |
|
|
Calculation of Water Deficit from % Dehydration |
Body weight (kg) * Percent dehydration (decimal) = Water Deficit (L) eg 500 kg * 0.05 = 25 L water deficit |
|
|
Horse Normal Values |
T: 98.5 - 101.5 *F P: 28 - 40 bpm R: 8 - 18 bpm |
|
|
Cow Normal Values |
T: 101.5 - 102.5 *F P: 60 - 80 bpm R: 12-36 bpm Rumen contractions: 1 - 3 /min |
|
|
Equine Drugs with Effects on CNS |
Xylazine Detomidine Acepromazine Butorphanol |
|
|
Xylazine in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.3 - 0.5 mg/kg IV (or IM) Concentration: 100 mg/mL (1.5 mL / 500 kg) - Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonist - Rapid onset, moderate sedation, short acting, good analgesia - Risk of ataxia, can cause aggression - Potential adverse effects: cardiovascular (hyper- followed by hypo- tension, bradycardia), hyperglycemia, reduced gastric motility, increased urination and sweating |
|
|
Detomidine in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.01 - 0.02 mg/kg IV (or IM) Concentration: 10 mg/mL (0.5 mL / 500 kg) - Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonist - Rapid onset, profound sedation, longer acting than xylazine, excellent analgesia - Risk of ataxia, can cause aggression - Potential adverse effects: cardiovascular (hyper- followed by hypo- tension, bradycardia), hyperglycemia, reduced gastric motility, increased urination and sweating
|
|
|
Acepromazine in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.02 - 0.06 mg/kg IV (or IM) Concentration: 10 mg/mL (1-3 mL / 500 kg) - Alpha-1 antagonist, antagonizes dopamine - Tranquilizer, not sedative, often used with Alpha-2 agonists. No analgesia. - Potential adverse effects: hypotension, prolapsed penis and priapism, decreased seizure threshold |
|
|
Butorphanol in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.01 - 0.02 mg/kg Concentration: 10 mg/mL (0.5 - 1 mL / 500 kg) - Agonist-antagonist opioid, used with alpha-2 agonists - Controlled substance. Good analgesia. - Potential adverse effects: decreased GI motility, excitation, respiratory depression |
|
|
Antimicrobials in Horses |
- Procaine Penicillin G, Potassium Penicillin G - Ceftiofur - Gentamicin, Amikacin - Chloramphenicol - Potentiated Sulfonamides (trimethoprim-sulfa) - Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline - Enrofloxacin - Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Erythromycin - Rifampin - Metronidazole
|
|
|
Potassium Penicillin G in Horses COMMONLY USED |
KPEN Dose: 22,000 units/kg slow IV every 6 hours Concentration: 250,000 units/mL (reconstituted) - Beta-lactam antimicrobial. Interferes with cell wall synthesis. Best on gram+ and anaerobes. - Poor penetration to abscesses - Synergystic with aminoglycosides - Complication: antimicrobial-associated diarrhea |
|
|
Procaine Penicillin G in Horses COMMONLY USED |
PPG - DO NOT GIVE IV - SEVERE NEURO SIGNS AND DEATH Dose: 22,000 units/kg IM every 12 hours Concentration: 300,000 units/mL - Beta-lactam antimicrobial. Interferes with cell wall synthesis. Best on gram+ and anaerobes. - Poor penetration to abscesses - Synergystic with aminoglycosides - Complication: procaine reaction (refrigerate to reduce risk), antimicrobial-associated diarrhea |
|
|
Ceftiofur in Horses |
Dose: 2 - 10 mg/kg IV (or IM) every 6-12 hours Concentration: 50 mg/mL (reconstituted) - Beta-lactam antimicrobial, 3rd gen cephlasporin - Inhibits cell wall synthesis - Broad spectrum, anaerobes - No penetration in the CNS - Complication: antimicrobial-associated diarrhea |
|
|
Gentamicin in Horses COMMONLY USED |
DO NOT USE IN FOOD ANIMALS Dose: 6.6 - 8.8 mg/kg IV (or IM) every 24 hours Concentration: 100 mg/mL (33-44 mL / 500 kg) - Aminoglycoside, binds 30s ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis - Works on Gram -, aerobes (uptake into cell is oxygen-dependent process) - Complication: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade |
|
|
Amikacin in Horses |
DO NOT USE IN FOOD ANIMALS Dose: 21 - 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) every 24 hours Concentration: 250 mg/mL (50 mL / 500 kg) - Aminoglycoside, binds 30s ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis - Works on Gram -, aerobes (uptake into cell is oxygen-dependent process) - Complication: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade - Used locally for regional limb perfusion! |
|
|
Chloramphenicol in Horses |
Dose: 30 - 60 mg/kg PO every 6 hours - Binds 50s ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis. Broad spectrum. - Excellent distribution throughout the body - Idiosyncratic aplastic anemia seen in people. |
|
|
Trimethoprim-sulfa in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 15 mg/kg PO every 12 hours Concentration: 250 mg/tablet - Potentiated sulfonamide, inhibits folic acid pathway. Broad-spectrum. - Complication: MORE diarrhea! |
|
|
Oxytetracycline in Horses |
Dose: 5 - 10 mg/kg IV every 12-24 hours Concentration: 100 mg/mL (33 mL / 500 kg) - Tetracycline. Binds to 30s ribosomal subunit and interferes with protein synthesis. - Treatment of choice for Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia risticii), contracture in foals - Complication: rapid IV -> hypotension and collapse, nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Doxycycline in Horses |
Dose: 10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours - Tetracycline. Binds to 30s ribosomal subunit and interferes with protein synthesis. - Complication: antimicrobial-associated diarrhea |
|
|
Enrofloxacin in Horses |
Dose: 5 mg/kg IV every 24 hours Concentration: 100 mg/mL OR Dose: 7.5 mg/kg PO every 24 hours - Fluoroquinolone. Inhibits DNA gyrase and DNA repair. Best against gram -, some gram +. - Excellent distribution - Complication: cartilage damage in young'uns |
|
|
Azithromycin in Horses |
Dose: 10 mg/kg PO every 24-48 hours - Macrolide. Binds 50s ribosomal subunit, interferes with protein synthesis. - Primarily used for Gram +, some Gram - compared to other macrolides. - Complication: hyperthermia in foals. |
|
|
Clarithromycin in Horses |
Dose: 7.5 mg/kg PO every 12 hours - Macrolide. Binds 50s ribosomal subunit, interferes with protein synthesis. - Primarily used for Gram +. Tx of choice for R.equi (with rifampin) - Complication: hyperthermia in foals. |
|
|
Erythromycin in Horses |
Dose: 25 mg/kg PO every 6-8 hours - Macrolide. Binds 50s ribosomal subunit, interferes with protein synthesis. - Primarily used for Gram +. - Complication: hyperthermia in foals. Fatal colitis in mares of foals administered erythromycin. |
|
|
Rifampin in Horses |
Dose: 5-10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours - Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase - Must be administered with another antibiotic due to RAPID bacterial resistance - Tx of choice (w/ clarythromycin or other macrolide) for R.equi. - Used to improve penetration (e.g. abscesses) - STAINS EVERYTHING RED.
|
|
|
Metronidazole in Horses |
Dose: 15 to 25 mg/kg PO every 6-12 hours Concentration: 500 mg/tablet - Active against anaerobic bacteria! - Often used with other antimicrobials - Treats antimicrobial-associated diarrhea - Complication: ANOREXIA, free-radical damage to DNA |
|
|
NSAIDs in Horses |
- Phenylbutazone - Flunixin Meglumine - Firocoxib
- Complication: nephrotoxicity, right dorsal colitis, hypoproteinemia, inhibit platelet aggregation, GI ulceration |
|
|
Phenylbutazone in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 2.2 - 4.4 mg/kg IV or PO every 12 hours Concentration: 200 mg/mL IV, 1g/tablet oral - Inhibit COX1 (constitutive) and COX2 (inducible) - Used mainly for musculoskeletal cases |
|
|
Flunixin Meglumine in Horses COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.25 mg/kg IV every 6 hours to 1.1 mg/kg every 12 hours Concentration: 50 mg/mL (10 mL / 500 kg) - Inhibit COX1 (constitutive) and COX2 (inducible) - Preferred for soft tissue cases, incl colic - Risk of clostridial myositis if given IM |
|
|
Firocoxib in Horses |
Dose: 0.09 mg/kg PO every 24 hours Loading dose: 0.27 mg/kg IV or PO - COX1 sparing NSAID - Similar efficacy to phenylbutazone in horses with osteoarthritis |
|
|
Drugs with GI effects in Horses |
Lidocaine |
|
|
Lidocaine in Horses |
Dose: 1.3 mg/kg IV bolus over 15 min followed by 0.5 mg/kg/min constant rate infusion - Sodium channel blocker - Used in horses with GI tract disease. - Primarily anti-inflammatory, improved GI motility |
|
|
Bovine Drugs with Effects on the CNS |
- Xylazine - Acepromazine |
|
|
Xylazine in Cows COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.02 - 0.1 mg/kg IV (or 0.02-0.5 mg/kg IM) - Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonist - Mediate sedation, analgesia, decreased output from sympathetic nervous system - Cows more sensitive to this drug than horses - dose = 1/10th, results in recumbency - Potential adverse effects: cardiovascular (hyper- followed by hypo- tension, bradycardia), reduced gastric motility, risk of regurgitation, risk of abortion in last trimester of pregnancy |
|
|
Xylazine Withholding Periods in Cows |
- IV: 3 days for milk, 5 for meat - IM: 5 days for milk, 10 days for meat |
|
|
Acepromazine in Cows COMMONLY USED |
Dose: 0.02 - 0.06 mg/kg IV (or IM) Concentration: 10 mg/mL (1-3 mL / 500 kg) - Alpha-1 antagonist, antagonizes dopamine - Tranquilizer, not sedative, often used with Alpha-2 agonists. No analgesia. - Potential adverse effects: hypotension, decreased seizure threshold - Low dose will not result in recumbency |
|
|
Acepromazine Withholding Periods in Cows |
2 days for milk, 7 days for meat |
|
|
Antimicrobials in Cows |
- Potassium Penicillin G, Procaine Penicillin G - Ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel), Ceftiofur hyodrochloride (Excenel) - Oxytetracycline - Florfenicol |
|
|
Potassium Penicillin G in Cows COMMONLY USED |
KPEN Dose: 22,000 units/kg slow IV every 6 hours - Beta-lactam antimicrobial. Interferes with cell wall synthesis. Best on gram+ and anaerobes. - Poor penetration to abscesses |
|
|
Potassium Penicillin G Withholding Periods in Cows |
48 hours for milk, 10 days for meat |
|
|
Procaine Penicillin G in Cows COMMONLY USED |
PPG - DO NOT GIVE IV - SEVERE NEURO SIGNS Dose: 44,000-66,000 units/kg SQ or IM q12 - Beta-lactam antimicrobial. Interferes with cell wall synthesis. Best on gram+ and anaerobes. - Poor penetration to abscesses - Complication: procaine reaction (refrigerate to reduce risk) |
|
|
Procaine Penicillin G Withholding Periods in Cows |
48 hours for milk, 10 days for meat |
|
|
Ceftiofur Sodium (Naxcel) in Cows |
Dose: 1.1 - 2.2 mg/kg IM every 24 hours - Beta-lactam antimicrobial, 3rd gen cephlasporin - Inhibits cell wall synthesis - Broad spectrum, anaerobes - USDA/FDA ban on extra-label use |
|
|
Ceftiofur Sodium (Naxcel) Withholding Periods in Cows |
0 Days milk, 0 days meat |
|
|
Ceftiofur Hydrochloride (Excenel) in Cows |
Dose: 1.1 - 2.2 mg/kg SQ every 24 hours - Beta-lactam antimicrobial, 3rd gen cephlasporin - Inhibits cell wall synthesis - Broad spectrum, anaerobes - USDA/FDA ban on extra-label use |
|
|
Ceftiofur Hydrochloride (Excenel) Withholding Periods in Cows |
0 Days milk, 48 hours meat |
|
|
Oxytetracycline in Cows |
Dose: 6.6-11 mg/kg IV, SQ or IM q24 - Tetracycline. Binds to 30s ribosomal subunit and interferes with protein synthesis. - Complication: rapid IV -> hypotension and collapse, nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Oxytetracycline Withholding Periods in Cows |
4 days milk, 28 days meat |
|
|
Florfenicol in Cows |
Dose: 20 mg/kg IM every other day - Binds 50s ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis - Broad spectrum, excellent distribution throughout the body - For use in non-lactating cows |
|
|
Florfenicol Witholding Period in Cows |
IM: 28 days SQ: 38 days |
|
|
NSAIDs in Cows |
- Flunixin Meglumine - Phenylbutazone - Aspirin
- Complication: nephrotoxicity, inhibit platelet aggregation, abomasal ulceration |
|
|
Flunixin Meglumine in Cows |
Dose: 1.1 mg/kg IV every 24 hours - Only NSAID approved for use in beef cattle - Should only be given IV - Withholding Periods: 3 days milk, 10 days meat |
|
|
Phenylbutazone in Cows |
Dose: 2 to 6 mg/kg PO or IV every 24-48 hours - Prohibited in dairy cattle > 20 months of age - Withholding Periods: 10 days milk, 45 days meat - Use discouraged by FARAD for food animals |
|
|
Aspirin in Cows |
Dose: 100 mg/kg PO every 12-24 hours - Extra-label use - Use discouraged by FARAD for food animals |
|
|
Local Anesthetics in Cows |
Lidocaine |
|
|
Lidocaine in Cows |
Dose: Do not exceed 10 mg/kg - Sodium channel blocker. Primary local anesthetic used for regional anesthesia in bovine surgery - Toxicity signs: CNS signs such as dullness, muscle fasciculations, seizures - Withholding periods: 24 hours for milk & meat |
