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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the assumptions of the biological perspective?
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monism, materialism (everything has a physiological basis/cuase), determinism(genetics)
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What are the contributions to the biological perspective
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1) rejection of extrememe environmentalism 2)appreciation for the role of physical health in psychological funtioning 3) more accurate understanding of emotional and mental disorders (ex: depression)
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what historical ideas/contexts gave rise to the biological perspective
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1) Guall's phronology (bumps on head
2) Phineus Gage 3)WWI- shell shock Frued's examining of hysteria 4) Eugenic in WWII |
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Methodologies and limitations of methodologies
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1) Experiments- ecological validity (lab setting unrealistic), placebo affect
2) Correlational studies 3) Double blind studies 4) Case studies- only one person 5) Surveys- people lie Confirmation Bias for all- subjectects have their own agenda going in |
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Major Case Studies relating to the biological perspective?
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1) Rosenzwieg- rats in cage (reciprical determinism) enviro-brain
2) Genie- supports Chomsky's LAD (a part of brain responsible for learning language, maturation of the brain), critical period for learining language 2) Clyve Wearing- brain virus, attacked hippocampus- lost ability to transfer STM to LTM 3) Phineus Gauge- severed limbic system from frontal lobe-(emotion from reason) and his erratic behavior |
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Limitations of the Biological perspective
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-biological reductionism
-premature conclution |
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Applications of physiological (biological) perspective (how effective is it)
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1) depression-low serotonin/epenephrine
2) eating disorders-excess serotonin/epinephrine very effective except limitations |
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Are there effective (biological) strategies for helping individuals with psychological disorders?
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YES!
if we can biologically diagnose the problem, we can find ways to biologically fix the problem i.e. foods to lower stress levels, medications, ECT |
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What are the assumptions of the learning perspective?
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1) determinism (stimulus response, no free will)
2) parsimony (simplest explanation for something is correct)-Little Albert 3) associationism (mental processes based on forming connections between things)-food aversions, phobias, Little Albert 4)animals behaviors can be applied to humans 5)Thorndike's Law of Effect (we repeat things if we obtain positive results) |
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What are contributions of behaviorism?
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1) recognition that environ, factors influence (all people influence each other)
2)recognition that naming a behavior doesnt explain it 3)wide range of practical applications |
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what historical conditions favored the development of behaviorism?
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1) rejection of Freud's psychoanalysis
2) feared Hitler's eugenics...had they taken bio too far? 3Thorndike (American) Law of Effect 4) Watson (early 20th century) stimulus-response, Albert, learned phobias and extinction 5) B.F. SKinner 1904-1990- external causes for actions 6)Determinism- enviro. consequences determine probability of outcomes 7) Pavlov (1849-1936) reflex/response |
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Methodologies of learning perspective and examples
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empirical data- Pavlov
surveys- experiments- Seligman animal testing-ecological validity?? KOHLER observational research-BOBO doll, Bandura |
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Methodological limitations of behaviorism
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ecological validity
people lie on surveys conformation bias |
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Key theorists of learning perspective
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Pavlov-classical conditioning,Watson-phobias and extinction, Skinner-operant conditioning, Bandura-observational, social learning, Tolman-latent learning, Kohler-insight learning
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Major case studies/experiments in Behaviorism
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Genie- environ. influenced behavior
Skinner-reinforcement causes individualto change behavior Pavlov's dogs and saliva Bandura-imitation and aggression in BOBO doll expt. Seligman-shock and dogs- environ. affects locus of control |
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practical applications of behaviorism
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Los Horcones
education and rearing children-Token Economy in institutions |
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historical conditions caused cognitive perspective are...
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shift from radical behaviorism with social cognitive ideas
WWII-human performance and screening people for military service, (mind DOES matter) technological development of CPU's allowed brains to be compared (input, output) and stimulus-MEDIATION-response |
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The psychological (cognitive) perspective assumes (and examples of)
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1)mental processes can and should be investigated-Kohler's insight learning (apes)
2)humans have FREE WILL-like memory and problem-solving |
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Methodological approaches for cognition
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1) experiments
2) case studies 3) correlational studies |
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Cognitive case studies/experiments to know...
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Loftus- memory recall, reconstructive memories, false presuppositions
Rauscher/Shaw- Mozart experiments on cognitive abilities affected by music Genie- language(ish) Rosenhan- dangers of labeling, perceptions, words used to label. perception/label changes behavior Pinker-Wugg test grammer rules applied by kids |
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Mediators or stimulus response
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-language
-memory -schemas- concepts/framework to interpert information -locus of controll- perception that one controlls fate (external locus of controll= fate out of hands, internal= you have controll over outcomes) -stress |
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framing
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the way an issue is posed/presented to have negative/positive connotation
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reprical determinism-
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-environment affects behavior, and behavior affects environment
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Ellis
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(cognitive) rational emotive therapy
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Beck
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testing beliefs against evidence (therapy)
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contributions of the Cognitive perspective
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1) innovative methods for exploring the "black box" of the mind (reconstructive memory -loftus)
2)understanding of how cognition affects behavior and emotion 3)findings of tremendous social and legal relevance (loftus) 4) understanding and improving mental abilities from infancy to old age (alzhiemiers) |
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limitations of the cognitive perspective...
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1)cognitive reductionism
2) errors of cause and effect- relationship between mind-body overlooked (experiences also shape memories, decisions, goals. ex: story of out lives) 3)cognitive relativism- the assumption that all ideas. thoughts, or memories have equal claim to be taken seirously, cognition shows that there are 2 sides to every issue, not always true |
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Language-bio and examples
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-Chomsky's LAD
-Brocas and wernickes -critical period Phineus Gage- frontal lobe severed with a steak, unable to controll(reason) emotions |
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language-cog
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-Pinker Wugg test- kids with noexistant words applying grammer rules
-Rosenhans- the use of words and labeling affect behavior -Baker-story of my life -Loftus- reconstuctive memory, leading questions presuppositions changed thinking processes of recall(court applicable) -Sapir-Whorf- eskimo words- how a culture thinks a result of language. differences in culture through langauge |
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language-lear(ning)
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-Skinner's operant conditing-reinfocement for positive behavior (child rearing)
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brocas area
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producing speech
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wernickes area
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understanding spoken language
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depression-bio
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-low levels of seratonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
-genetically predispossed (women 2x due to high oxtyosin hormone-empathy, postpartem) |
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depression-cog
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-faulty schemas
-locus of controll (external) -thoughts of self worthless ness -diathysis-stress |
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depression-learning
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-environment, traumatic events
-loss of family, -stressful events, change |
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Diathysis-stress
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-nature and nurture, looking at both sides ex: depression- genetically predisposed and stressful life events
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