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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drugs used to enhance memory
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Ritalin
Aricept, Reminye, Exelon (help w/ Alzheimer's) Provigil (For narcolepsy and sleep disorders) |
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Donepizil
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Drug given to commercial pilots in an experiment; they retained more information during complex flight tasks
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Modafinil
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More attentive, able to multi-task, energetic, "effortless mental function"
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Synaps
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One brain cell sends glutamine from one cell neuron to another
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Pre-Implantation Diagnoses
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Before cluster of cells are put in uterus, you can remove a cell and look for mutation (removal of genetic disease?)
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Flash Bulb Memory
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Something in brain distorts outside emotions during important/emotional events so you can remember very specific details during a limited time frame
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Oxytocin
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Key hormone for increased trust in humans
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal
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artistic diagrams on brain neurons, put forth neuron doctrine
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Neuron doctrine
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Nervous system is individual cells; not big blob (Sicicium), neuron/nerve cell = fundamental building block and signaling unit of the brain
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Camillo Golgi
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Believed brain was a blob (sicicium) developed technique of treating brain w/ solution to small number of isolated neurons (Cajal used this to prove him wrong)
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Phrinology
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Feeling bumps on head to reveal characteristics/emotions
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Where are personality features located on the brain?
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Frontal Lobe
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Humunculous
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How body is mapped on brain
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P.E.T. Scan
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Images brain by giving patient radioactivity
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f.M.R.I.
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Functional magnetic Resonance: imaging uses magnetism rather than radioactivity
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M.R.I.
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Doesn't show activity; just anatomy
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Dark Energy
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At rest, but active. fMRI can image human brain at rest
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What % of brain's energy is used for communication among neurons and cells?
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60-80%
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William James
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"Principles of Psychology", psychology of religious experience, 1st experimental psychology course taught at Harvard 1875, "Psychology Briefer Course", doesn't talk about soul as something separate from material world
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James Mill
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Memory through association of knot in handkerchief
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Fra Angelico
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Painting; distinct brain paths activated
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Plato
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2 paths to truth: the socratic method and myth
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Republic Book X
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Myth of Er, Story of a warrior who was allowed to come back from dead and tell men about what happens after death, Drink from river of Lethe (river of forgetfulness)
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3 Dimensions to Myth of Er
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Ethical, Metaphysical (principles of reality transcending those of science), Epistemological (a.k.a. "Theory of Knowledge" - concerned with nature and limitations of knowledge, knowledge is recollections)
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Meno
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The slave boy experiment, A virgin mind (Tabula Rasa), knowledge = recollection, socratic method
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Socratic Method
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Ask questions, no answers, awareness of ignorance 1st step towards knowledge
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Metaphos
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Mind as a wax tablet, memory = imprint
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Mery Carruthers
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"cognitive archetype", wax (metaphos) can easily be erased/reused. Along with Dudai, brought humanities and science together
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Aristotle
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"The Philosopher", complete scientific theory of memory, wax metaphor repeated (sensory imput stamped on the mind)
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Anamnesis
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How we recollect (an investigation/serial process with linked elements)
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Emperial Method
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Recollection as an associative process
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The method of topoi of loci
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"places" for the memory
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Augustine of Hippo
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"The city of God", "confessions" (memory as stone house of all images deposited by senses, available for retrieval)
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Frances Yates
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"Art of memory", 3 sources, 2 kinds of memory (for things, for words), importance of vivid images and puns
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"S"
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A self taught mnemonist, mentally places images down the street, senses mixed up, synesthesia
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Synesthesia
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Sounds as shapes/colors
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Samuel Beckett
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"Krapp's Last Tape", "Theater of the Absurd", memory as comfort and despair zone
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Krapp's Last Tape
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by Beckett, attempt to recapture past in mechanical way, banana as memory trigger, involuntary memory, emotion greater in tape
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Jean-Paul Sarte
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philosopher/intellectual, existentialism, "no exit" = famous work about hell where hell is other people
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Mrs. Dabada's Bedroom
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memory as a prison, threat of husband/outside world/light/noise. locks herself up so she can just reminisce
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"Reminiscence" aka "The man who mistook his wife for a hat"
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Ms. OC experiences Irish songs in head like radio, makes her feel like a child in Ireland, music leads to memory of other senses/sensations/memories as well, Ms. OM hears music also
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Marcel Proust
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"Remembrance of things past" aka "in search of lost time"
3 Pivot episodes: 1. The Madeleine 2. Boot = dead grandma 3. Loose stone = happy times in Viena |
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The Iconic Hypothesis
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Transmission of information with in the nerve cell
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Chemical Theory of Synaptic Transmission
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Transmission of information between nerve cells by releasing a chemical signl called a neurotransimtter
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Dendrites
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Receive signals from nerve cells
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Axons
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Send information to nerve cells at synapses
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Dynamic Polarization
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States that signals in neuron circuit travel in only on direction
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"Civilization and its Discontents"
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By Sigmund Freud. Analogy: the mind as Rome, layering
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Primo Levi
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"Survival in Aushwitz" aka "If this is a Man". Skill Nazis could use = chemist. Had Aushwitz number tattooed on arm. "Shema" - poem.
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"Survival in Aushwitz"
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2 men talk as they go to get soup, tak about language, Primo Levi teaches friend some Itallian by reciting Dante's "Divine Comedy" ("Inferno" = portion about Hell) Ulysses: Canto 26 by Dante: Man consumed by flames in Hell
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William Carlos Williams
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"Autobiography" 1951, Memory of being put outdoors in blizzard and yelling to be taken in (1st definable memory). "So much depends upon a red wheel barrow ...". Longing for female? Mother and Grandmother linked to memory process.
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Marquerite Duras
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"The Lover" 1984. Back and forth between younger and older self, doomed love affair between 15year old girl and Chinese man (racial tensions), sexual awakening/loss of innocence, alcohol as pleasure. Sees herself as another (1st vs 3rd person narrative), reconstructs the past.
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Eric Kandel
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"In search of memory: emergence of a new science of mind", blue car memory (rep. sense of control), 9th B day in Vienna, 1938, Kristallnacht, becomes historian, then psychoanalyst, then neuroscientist
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Arrested Narritive
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Able to coherently fame life leading up to injury but not beyond
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Unbound Narrative
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Generating self-stories unconstrained by memories of actual events. Confabulation (making up stories without realizing it)
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Under Narrated
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Settle on first response that appears immediately gratifying; don;t consider multitude of potential outcomes
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Denarrated
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Unable to provide naritive of experiences, wishes, thoughts or actions despite being fully aware of visual/auditory surroundings. Aware but failing to organize experience into temporal frame
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23andMe
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Helps you read/understand your D.N.A./ancestors
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Polymorphism
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Difference between one person and anothers DNA
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Phenotype
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What we see
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Genotype
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What is encoded in genes
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How many differences are there between two random peoples' genes?
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3 million
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Prairie Vole
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Highly affiliative (unite), bi-parental (parental investment), monogamous
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Montane Vole
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Relatively asocial, non-paternal, promiscuous
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Arginie Vasopressin (AVP)
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Responsible for monogamous behavior, paternal care, pair bonding. Vasopressin pathway in brain is sexually dimorphic (different in male and female)
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ά2b - Adrenergic receptor
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Consists of an inframe deletion of 3 acidic residues =, absent in 30% whites and 12% African Americans. Deletion carriers show signifigantly increased memory enhancement for emotional information.
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The Neurology of Narrative
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By Kay Young and Jeffery L. Savers, oral story telling as tradition of philosophy, platonic dialogues/myths, myth as explanation, storytelling as understanding
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What is a deletion in the genome?
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Chromosome or part of sequence in DNA is missing; loss of genetic material
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Two literature examples of the fragmented self?
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Septimus Smith and Mrs. Dalloway
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NCC
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Neural correlate of consciousness. Place where consciousness is believed to be formed.
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"To the Lighthouse"
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By Virginia Woolf, Lili is a painter who realizes the execution of her "vision" is more important than leaving a legacy
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Janus
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A god with 2 faces; looking back to past and ahead to future
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Schacter and Addis
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Memory as recombination and adaptive process. Said memory works by storing separate pieces of past experience
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The Ego
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Conscious Component: sensory apparatus for sight, sound, and touch; concerned with perception, reasoning, planning of action, and experiencing of pleasure/pain.
Unconscious Component: repression, denial, subliminal |
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The id
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Totally unconscious, Not governed by logic or reality but by hedonistic principle of seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Only mental structure present at birth.
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The superego
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Unconscious moral agency, the embodiment of our aspirations
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3 components of synaptic communication between neurons
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1. Presynaptic terminal of axon 2. Synaptic Clef 3. Postsynaptic site on the dendrite
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Principle of Dynamic Polarization
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Stated by Cajal, Holds that signals in a neural circuit travel in only one direction
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Sensory Neurons
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Located in the skin and various sense organs, respond to specific type of stimulus from outside world
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Motor Neurons
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Send axons out of brain stem and spinal chord to effector cells
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Interneurons
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Most numerous class of neurons in the brain, serve as relays between sensory and motor neurons
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Inhibitory Neurons
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Bring about a stable, predictable, coordinate response to a particular stimulus by inhibiting all but one of those competing reflexes (reciprocal control)
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